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Organic permaculture 05c: Robert Hart's orchard garden (England)

Robert Hart as a pioneer of English forestry - 500m2 orchard on his Highwood Hill Farm in Shropshire


Robert Hart in
            the 1960s approx.   Robert Hart in his orchard in the 1990s approx.   Robert Hart's orchard  Map 01: England with Shropshire between
            London and Liverpool
Robert Hart in the 1960s approx. [1] - Robert Hart in his orchard in the 1990s approx. [2] - Robert Hart's orchard [6] -
Map 01: England with Shropshire between London and Liverpool [map 1]

by Michael Palomino (2018 - translation 2021)
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The orchard garden (forest garden) by Robert Hart (England)

Robert Adrian de Jauralde Hart (April 1, 1913 - March 7, 2000) was an English pioneer of forestry in temperate zones. On his "Highwood Hill Farm" in Shropshire [between London and Liverpool] he created a model forest garden from a 500 m² orchard. The inspiration came from James Sholto Douglas, who was inspired by the work of Toyohiko Kagawa [web01].

Crawford describes Robert Hart's orchard (forest garden) with its rich fruits and vegetables as a landscape like in "Alice in Wonderland" - in the foreword to his book "Creating a Forest Garden" [web05].

Studies - Ghandi Articles - Military Police and Espionage 1940-1945

After studying at Westminsater School, he worked for the NWO news agency Reuters, where he was specifically involved in news related to India. There he put together summaries about Mahatma Ganddhi and was very impressed by Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence. 1940-1945 he was with the military police, then with the secret police ("Intelligence Corps") with the decryption ("code breaking") [web01].

Robert
                  Hart in the 1960s approx.
Robert Hart in the 1960s approx. [1]




Robert
                          Hart's orchard on his Highwood Hill farm in
                          Shropshire, map
Robert Hart's orchard on his Highwood Hill farm in Shropshire, map [map2]

Farm for the brother - agriculture - conversion to 90% vegan raw food - the forest garden for raw food

After the war he started dairy farming in Norfolk and Somerset, then moved to Shropshire to a small farm on Wenlock Edge ("Highwood Hill Farm"). His brother Lacon had severe learning difficulties [vaccination damage?] and should receive a therapeutically healthy environment. Robert Hart was soon overwhelmed with agriculture in all areas (vegetables, cattle, orchard), but he observed a vegetable patch with perennial vegetables and herbs that practically required no maintenance. In addition, the vegetables and herbs from this zone were exceptionally invigorating [provoking more life] for body and mind. He discovered the connection that food can also be medicine (he just found the kowledge of Hippocrates). Hart switched to 90% vegan raw food [he abolished livestock farming] and created a forest garden with fruit, nuts and green leafy vegetables, so he had his own vegan organic food [web01].

Robert Hart in his orchard in the 1990s approx.   Robert Hart's
                  orchard
Robert Hart in his orchard in the 1990s approx. [2] - Robert Hart's orchard [6]

Research on forests and plants

The forest is the "culmination point of the ecosystem". In seven years he developed starting with an orchard of apples and pears having an "edible landscape" within seven layers:

1. A "canopy" made up of the original old fruit trees.
2. A "tree-poor layer" of smaller nut and fruit trees on dwarf root stocks.
3. A "bush layer" made up of fruit bushes such as currants and berries.
4. An "herbaceous layer" of perennial vegetables and herbs.
5. A "top layer" of edible plants that spread out horizontally.
6. A "rhizosphere" or "underground" dimension of plants grown for their roots and tubers.
7. A vertical "layer" of vines and climbers [web01].
The orchard garden in 7 levels, scheme by
                      Robert Hart [3]: 1) canopy - 2) Low tree level -
                      3) Shrub layer - 4) Herbaceous layer - 5) Soil
                      surface - 6) Rhizosphere - 7) Vertical layer
The orchard garden in 7 levels, scheme by Robert Hart [3]: 1) canopy - 2) Low tree level - 3) Shrub layer - 4) Herbaceous layer - 5) Soil surface - 6) Rhizosphere - 7) Vertical layer  [3]

Mr. Hart said that if all residents who have a garden set up such an orchard, every city can become a "city forest" [web01].

Robert Hart died in 2000 at the age of 86. His grave is in the churchyard of St. Peter in Rushbury, Shropshire [web01].


Details

Rober Hart quietly transformed his little garden into an orchard garden that should meet his needs: fruits, nuts, vegetables and medicinal plants [web03].

Robert Hart transformed a small cottage garden in Shropshire into an orchard garden, a habitat for songbirds, butterflies and other vertebrates - classic "Backyard Permaculture" [web02].

Robert Hart experimented his horticulture for decades [web02] and examined the interactions with deep, intuitive and scientific observations, how different life forms work together to stimulate and support each other [web03].

The model is a natural forest with useful plants, fruit trees, nut trees, perennial herbs and vegetables [web02].


Robert Hart's book "Forest Gardening"
(259 pages)
Robert Hart combines history, philosophy, anthropology and seasonal gardening wisdom in a clear sequence of essays that together provide remarkable testimony to the joys of hands-off and practical gardening. The book "Forest Gardening" is really a book for our time that offers a fresh sensibility that will encourage and inspire organic gardeners all over the world [web02].

In his book "Forest Gardening" there are systematic data about the orchard garden:
-- he found out design guidelines
-- he made lists of recommended plants and varieties according to climatic zones, and
-- he explains how plants can live and interect in a productive way, from the ground cover to the big tree [web02].

Book "Forest Gardening" by
                  Robert Hart 1   Book "Forest Gardening" by
                  Robert Hart 02 
Book "Forest Gardening" by Robert Hart 1, 2 [4,5]
Reviews on Amazon (original English):

This is a very good book. This is the story of a great man who created a new, more holistic form of agriculture [web04].

Very easy to read, good illustrations and clear wording, an excellent book for anyone interested in organic gardening and healthy eating. [web04]
This is a fact book, but not a guide on how to plant the orchard forest. [web04]

The basics of permaculture are missing [web04].

The book describes the personal experience of a pioneer and does not describe the dry systems of the permaculture pioneers - and that is very good [web04].

There is too much preaching, but the data are like a holistic guide [web04]

There are better books like
How to Make a Forest Garden; or for really in-depth information:
Edible Forest Gardens: Ecological Vision, Theory For Temperate Climate Permaculture
or

Edible Forest Gardens, Vol. 2: Ecological Design And Practice For Temperate-Climate Permaculture. [web52]

The book is not very well bound, the pages fall out [web04].


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Sources
[web01] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hart_(horticulturist)
[web02] https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=N01940btQAQC&lpg=PA97&dq=forest+gardening+robert+hart+simple+living&pg=PA45&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
[web03] https://www.amazon.com/Forest-Gardening-Resurgence-Book-Robert-ebook/dp/B00EGWJN3I/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1538698946&sr=8-1&keywords=%22forest+gardening%22+robert+hart
[web04] https://www.amazon.com/Forest-Gardening-Resurgence-Book-Robert-ebook/dp/B00EGWJN3I/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1538698946&sr=8-1&keywords=%22forest+gardening%22+robert+hart#customerReviews
[web05] https://www.agroforestry.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/product/creating-a-forest-garden-2/Creating_a_forest_garden.pdf

Fotoquellen

[1] Robert Hart in the 1960s approx.: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/511651207659085417/
[2] Robert Hart in his orchard in the 1990s approx.: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/511651207659085417/
[3] Scheme: the 7 layers of an orchard: https://spiralseed.co.uk/robert-hart-1-april-1913-7-march-2000-a-visit-to-the-forest-garden/
[4] Book by Robert Hart: Forest Gardening, version 1:
https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=N01940btQAQC&lpg=PA97&dq=forest+gardening+robert+hart+simple+living&pg=PA45&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
[5] Book by Robert Hart: Forest Gardening, version 2: https://www.amazon.com/Forest-Gardening-Resurgence-Book-Robert-ebook/dp/B00EGWJN3I/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1538698946&sr=8-1&keywords=%22forest+gardening%22+robert+hart
[6] Orchard by Robert Hart: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/148900331404505343/

Map 01 map of England with Shropshire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire
Map 02 Orchard map of Robert Hart's orchard at Highwood Hill:
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/439452876113220224/?lp=true
https://daviddelapenadotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/urban-ag-types-precedents.pdf

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