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Forest disgrace, forest destruction and forest development

The forest as ecosystem, healing space and habitat for humans and animals - the capitalists abuse of the forest

by Michael Palomino (2004 / 2007)

Forest with
                              sunbeams  Ash in the light Forest  Swamp forest  Fir
                        Forest at a slope  Forest Edge  Sherwood Forest  Robin Hood
Forest with sunbeams - Ash in the light Forest - Swamp forest - Fir Forest at a slope - Forest Edge - Sherwood Forest with Robin Hood

We will only then appreciate the forest,
when we acknowledge his treasures,
when these treasures are anchored in the law
and when the secret lodges recognize the law.

Michael Palomino. May 2005

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from:
-- Book: Rudi Holzberger / Ernst Fesseler: Forest between wildness and monoculture (original German: Der Wald zwischen Wildnis und Monokultur). Maier Edition, Ravensburg 1989
-- Anke-Usche Clausen and Martin Riedel: Three dimensional working with wood. Methodic work book, Volume III (original German: Plastisches Gestalten in Holz. Methodisches Arbeitsbuch Band III); Mellinger Edition, Stuttgart 1970 about


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Chapters

1. Forest species - 2. Trees - 3. Rivers - 4. Low water plants - 5. Forest animals -

6. Forest disgrace, forest destruction and forest development. Chronology - 7. Examples of forests


Books about forest

Küchli, Christian: Auf den Eichen wachsen die besten Schinken" (S.57)

Jean Giono: "Der Mann mit den Bäumen": über einen französischen Schäfer, der Eichen pflanzt (S.60)

Plaisance, Georges: "Forêt et santé. Guide pratique de sylvothérapie" ["Wald und Gesundheit. Praktischer Führer zur Waldtherapie"]. Saint-Jean-de-Braye, 1985 (S.192).

Comment

This small chronology of forest history is intended as an introduction to the topic of forest development. The explanations reveal the fundamental mistakes made by capitalism in the European forest in the 19th and 20th centuries. The appeal is above all to the foresters and communities to grow local wood, where they grow the strongest, so that the forest damage can be minimized in the future. And the appeal is also aimed at the landscape planners to view forest worldwide as the main donor of spring water.
Michael Palomino, 2003 / 2005


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1. Forest species

German forests

Halfway intact German forests are for example:
-- Altorfer forest near Ravensburg
-- Saxony Forest (Sachsenwald) around Hamburg and between Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (p.146).

The forests are different. Every patch of forest smells its own (p.49).

  
Bear
                          leek
Bear leek
  
A mat with blossoming wild garlic
                                in the forest



vergrössernA mat with blossoming wild garlic in the forest.
Characteristics:

- Forest has a more balanced climate than bare areas: they are cooler in summer, warmer in winter, they protect against rain and wind

- Forest air is moister and is more oxygenated

- Forest has a play between light and shadow

- Fragrances of herbs and trees affect humans

-- Also the shapes of the trees have their effect on the subconscious of the beings (p.190).

Healing effect: Forest can have healing effects, according to the book by  Plaisance "Forest and Health" (original French: "Forêt et santé") of 1985 forest is helping:
- against heart disease
- against kidney diseases (p.190)
- against respiratory diseases
- against dulling.


Spring:

-- The undergrowth is beginning sprouting

-- Herbs are sprouting of the ground (p.17).

Confrontation with the forest sharpens the senses for the environment. Forest cures consist of 4 hours of forest hiking daily, in the forest breathing exercises, gymnastics and dancing (p.191).

  
Jean Giono
Jean Giono
  
Map of the Cevennes Mountains
                                (French: Cevennes)
vergrössern Map of the Cevennes Mountains (French: Cevennes)



Le Lot from Salelles: Forest with waters in the Cevennes

Le Lot from Salelles:
                              Forest with waters in the Cevennes
Forest planting - springs coming up

Writer Jean Giono observed 1913-1947 (p.60) the shepherd Elzéard Bouffier (p.61) in the French Cévennes Mountains, how he planted 10,000 of acorns in the karst soil in such a way that forests were formed:

-- Mixed forest with ash trees on north sides (p.60)

-- Birches and alders in the valleys

-- And new springs came up by the endless oak roots (p.61).

There is a book about this by Jean Giono: "The man who planted trees" (in German: "Der Mann mit den Bäumen") (p.60). See the book on Amazon

Lowlands

Oak forests, hornbeam-oak forest, are today mostly cleared for agriculture and viticulture (p.113).

Alluvial forest (riverside woodland)

can be found in humid locations (p.137), is always a gem among forests (p.15), is always the exception (p.19).

-- there is rich flora and fauna there

-- there is the most expensive oak wood there (p.15)

Alluvial forests are mostly dominated by oaks, but contain up to 27 tree species, shrubs and herbs, 120 bird species. The floods stimulate abundant growth, with elms, ash, often with ivy and lianas as thick as an arm, with black poplar, with wild garlic, anemone, lungwort, arum (p.151).

Alluvial Forest: This is many times a marsh alder ash alluvial forest, with typical herbs: meadowsweet, sedges, buttercup, carnation, cabbage thistle, marsh iris (p.167).

Alder and Ash

Alder leaves of grey alder
Alder leaves of grey alder
Alder leaf of black alder
Alder leaf of black alder

Ash:
                            Pinnate leaf
Ash: Pinnate leaf
Ash seed green
Ash seed green
Brown
                        ash seed
Brown ash seed

Alluvial forest (riverside woodland): Rhine and river meadows: Oak-hornbeam forest, alder-ash forest with a lot of undergrowth, alder-fracture forests, today rare (p.115).

Beech forest: Character plant: Dog's Mercury (p.175).

Dark forest: is in fairy tales the most shown forest, with few species, dark scenes (p.19)

Oak forest
is usually a plant society with hornbeam, common hornbeam, lime, elm, field maple, Norway maple, birch, hazel and shrubs, especially hawthorn, blackthorn, priest's cap, snowball (p.149). Oak forest often develops after large clearings, because much light favours oak growth (p.184).

What else grows in the light oak forest besides oaks?
Copper beech leaves
Copper beech leaves
Lime leaves
                          with lime blossoms
Lime leaves with lime blossoms
Characteristically asymmetrical elm
                          leaf
Characteristically asymmetrical elm leaf
Field maple leaves with flowers
Field maple leaves with flowers
Norway maple leaves with autumn
                          colours
Norway maple leaves with autumn colours

Alder swamp
appears at damp locations (p.137). Forest hollows remain moist and become "alder fractures" with exotic-looking flora, e.g. snake root, marsh sedge, marshland fern, male fern, valerian, possibly with snakes (p.129) and dragonflies (p.133).

Life in the alder forest
Alder swamp in
                            depression, example Briesetal near Berlin
Alder swamp in depression, example Briesetal near Berlin
Snakeroot
Snakeroot
Violet
                          valeriana
Violet valeriana
White
                              valeriana
White valeriana
Blue dragonfly
Blue dragonfly

Dead ice holes become alder quarries

When ice blocks remaind in the moraine debris after the ice age and were melting only later
-- small hollows are formed
-- small lakes are formed
-- the lakes are slowly silting up
-- the lakes develop into an alder quarry, a rich mini-biotope with dragonflies etc. (S.164). Indicators for biotope boundaries are green herbs such as meadowsweet and angelica (p.168).

European summer forests

In an European "summer forest" oaks and beeches are dominating, with sessile oak, English oak, ash, ivy, hazelnut, anemone.

When beech dominates, it becomes associated with gauze plants: Worm fern, wild sorrel, sorrel, sanicle, yellow deadnettle, white rapounzel, forest sedge, arum stick, wild violet, wild garlic (p.137).

Germanic Forest

is wild, almost impenetrable (p.84); originally it was all deciduous forest of the Germanic farmers (p.7).

Moor forest / swamp forest Moor forest / swamp forest (p.40)
Moor forest has a special life, and moor can also have a healing effect.


Coniferous forest (p.7) develops naturally at moorlands or [in Europe above all] at high altitudes (p.137), [in the northern latitudes also in the wide plain, where the climate corresponds to the European-alpine climate].


Coniferous fores

Fir forest on the mountain slope
Fir forest on the mountain slope
Fir
                            cones, food for platypuses (birds),
                            especially in winter
Fir cones, food for platypuses (birds), especially in winter
Fir forest in the snow with traces in
                            the snow, with typical silhouette in the
                            sky
Fir forest in the snow with traces in the snow, with typical silhouette in the sky
Spotted Nutcracker
Spotted Nutcracker

Feucht-Warm-Indikatoren sind: Wald-Ziest, Hexenkraut, Rühr-mich-nicht-an, Scharbockskraut, Riesenschwingel, Rasenschmiele, Schlüsselblume, Aronstab, Einbeere, Efeu (S.168).
Warm and humid "greenhouse" forest
There are indicator plants for this warm and humid forest: hedge woundwort, enchanter's nightshade, Impatiens noli-tangere, Lesser Celandine, Cowslip primerose, Arum, True lover's not, ivy (p.168).


Pflanzen im feucht-warmen "Treibhaus"-Wald
Hedge woundwort - Wald-Ziest
Hedge woundwort
Enchanter's nightshade - Hexenkraut
Enchanter's nightshade
Impatiens
                          noli-tangere -- Rührmichnichtan,
                          Rühr-mich-nicht-an
Impatiens noli-tangere
Lesser Celandine -- Scharbockskraut
Lesser Celandine
Cowslip primerose -- Schlüsselblume
Cowslip primerose

Arum: All parts are deadly
                          poisonous. -- Aronstab
Arum: All parts are deadly poisonous.
Arum: The berries are
                          deadly poisonous. -- Aronstab-Beeren
Arum: The berries are deadly poisonous.
True
                          lover's not -- Einbeere
True lover's not


Ivy leave --
                          Efeublatt
Ivy leave
Ivy flowers for insects --
                          Efeublüeten für Insekten
Ivy flowers for insects
Ivy berries are an
                          important food for birds in winter --
                          Efeubeeren
Ivy berries are an important food for birds in winter


Dry forests
Indicator plants for dry forest are hairy sedge, lungwort, woodruff (p.168).

Trockene Wälder: Indikatoren
Hairy sedge -- Seggengras
Hairy sedge
Lungwort, an
                              important healing plant -- Lungenkraut
Lungwort, an important healing plant
Blaues
                              Südalpen- Lungenkraut
Blue lungwort of the Southern Alpes
Blooming woodruff, no forest
                          without woodruff! -- Waldmeister
Blooming woodruff, no forest without woodruff!

Primeval forests (jungle)

-- are natural forests (p.7), today [in Europe] primeaval forests can be found are only in the Alps, e.g. the Roth Forest (Rothwald) in Austria and the jungle of Derborence in Switzerland (p.8).

-- wild oak forest exists only in North Rhine-Westphalia near Bentheim, because the Princes of Bentheim renounced any use (p.84).

"Wild Forest": is a myth, nothing more (p.10).

Industrial forests are the reality in the "civilized" world (p.7).


Mountain forests

Alpine coppice: consist of "subalpine tall shrubs" (p.137).

Oak high forest: was planted from the 8th century for the construction of wooden houses (p.58).

Flatter high forests: there is fir-spruce forest with beeches, coniferous forest with firs, spruces and mountain pines (p.114).


Fir - Spruce - Pine
Fir Tree -- Tanne (Rottanne)
Fir Tree
Pine tree --
                          Fichte
vergrössern Pine tree
Mountain pine -- Bergkiefer
Mountain pine


High forest (forest of full grown trees) is characterised by its airier structure (p.45).

Gorge forests: In the gorges of the Black Forest there are still pristine mountain forests, untouched. They used to be unavailable, and today they are protected (p.115).

Winter heath pine forests only occur in the mountains with black pine and Serbian spruce (p.137).

The slopes of Black Forest are characterised by beech-fir forests, maple-beech forests, fir-spruce forests (p.113).

forest widow flowe
                              -- Waldwitwenblume
Pre-Alpine forests: Indicator is forest widow flower (p.168).

Factor ground with soil and layers

Clay soil / wet soil: roots of the trees can only penetrate the ground with difficulty, is not suitable for spruce, for example, because strong storms then overturn the whole spruce together with the root (p.46).

Moraine soil: this is loose, well ventilated ground. Tree roots can penetrate relatively easily into the depth, is not bad for spruce, for example (p.46).

Sandy soils: are usually acidic, with high sulphur dioxide emissions, and when acid rain is coming then the sandy soil becomes record sour, e.g. around Berlin. Under the sand are mostly layers with clay, rich in minerals. Deep-rooted trees like the oaks bring up the minerals that neutralize the acids in the sand (p.172). In and around Berlin everything is sandy, and almost half of the Berlin forest is planted pine and grape oak forest (p.173).

Tuff quarries: there is porous rock with almost Mediterranean flora (p.42)


Life in the edge of the forest

The edge of the forest is a border region [a zone about 10 m wide] with rich "ecological border effects":
-- with meadow and forest
-- with light and shadow in alternation
-- with shelter possibilities.

In sterile maize fields at the edge of the forest there are hardly any animals.

Shrubs of the "woodland edge" such as elderberries provide shelter for butterflies and birds.

Fields should be at least 5 m from the edge of the forest so that the bush groups can form their full, irregular structure (p.110).

The full edge of the forest is a shrub zone with many bushes and a lot of life
Free edge of the
                          forest -- Freier, voll ausgebildeter Waldrand
Free edge of the forest
Destroyed edge of
                            the forest: Milled away, and a path laid out
                            -- Waldrand: weggefräst durch Weg
Destroyed edge of the forest: Milled away, and a path laid out
Elder
                              bush -- Holunder
vergrössern Elder bush
Flowers
                            of the elder bush (also: black elder) --
                            Holunderblüten
Flowers of the elder bush (also: black elder)
Elderberries -- Holunderbeeren
Elderberries


[Elder bushes are giving so much nectar and berries so the consequences are unforeseeable when capitalists are eliminating all shrubs near the forests considering the shrubs as superfluous installing roads or fields instead].

The edge of the forest contains 19 of 177 butterfly species. There are other butterflies than in the forest interior, e.g. woodland brown, holly blue, clouded apollo (p.160), also 1/4 of the bombycidae and hawk moths. The edge of the forest offers sunny, sheltered places. The butterflie populations differ from the micro climate, therefore on cool, moist northern edges are other butterflies than on sunny forest edges where are: purple emperor, mourning cloak, both living with oaks and sallows, etc. (p.161).

Butterflies at the edge of the forest Butterflies only at the sunny edge of the forest
Woodland brown -- Gelbringfalter
Woodland brown
Holly blue -- Faulbaumbläuling
Holly blue
Clouded apollo --
                            Schwarzer Apollo
Clouded apollo
Purple emperor only
                            lives at sunny edge of the forest -- Grosser
                            Schillerfalter
Purple emperor only lives at sunny edge of the forest
Mourning cloak only lived at sunny edge
                            of the forest -- Trauermantel
Mourning cloak only lived at sunny edge of the forest

Factor forest use

Young mixed forest: is scrub (p.45).

The planted pine cultures in northern Germany: were mostly "torn to shreds" by storms in the 1980s (p.49).

Deciduous (broadlief) high forest: provides habitat for 35 bird species (p.164).

Middle forest
is mainly used for building timber, is still planted today (p.90), is a coppice forest with upper wood: some trees may grow, are "core growth" for building timber, e.g. large oaks. The undergrowth, the "rash", is firewood. Middle forest can be found in the area of the natural deciduous forest in France, in the Swiss midlands, in the hardwood area of southern Germany, today exists still in Switzerland and in Bavarian-Swabia (p.162).

Middle forests are dominated by common oaks, in the gany landscapes around the town of Würzburg, e.g. together with "tree rarities" such as ice berry, sorb tree, wild pears, with very rich soil flora.

Middle forest with rare plants
English
                          oak -- Stieleiche
English oak
Ice berry: the shrub
                        with berries -- Eisbeere
Ice berry: the shrub with berries
Ice
                          berry, another berry -- Eisbeere
Ice berry, another berry

Sorb tree: A wild apple tree that is no
                          longer present in the dense "cultivated
                          forests". -- Apfelbaum Speierling
Sorb tree: A wild apple tree that is no longer present in the dense "cultivated forests".
Apples of sorb tree --
                          Speierling-Apfel
Apples of sorb tree
Wild pear -- Wildbirne
Wild pear
Wild pears -- Wildbirne: die
                            wilden Birnen
Wild pears


[The vines occupy all the southern slopes
These rarities, which need light forests, are hardly present in nature any more, also because the many sunny slopes have all been cut down and vines grow there for the wine enjoyment of the stupid alcoholic people. Those who drink wine must know that they are in favour of cutting down sunny forests with a high biodiversity].

Middle forests are also habitat for amphibians such as agile frog, yellow-bellied toad or fire salamander (p.163). Firewood felling in the middle forest clears the forests and enables a rich animal life in the forest (p.163). Middle forests offer habitat for 50 bird species, many insectivorous songbirds, e.g. spotted flycatcher, common redstart (p.164).

Life in the middle forest with firewood felling
Agile
                          frog -- Springfrosch
Agile frog
Yellow-bellied toad -- Gelbbauchunke
Yellow-bellied toad
Fire salamander -- Feuersalamander
Fire salamander
Spotted
                          flycatcher -- Grauschnepper
Spotted flycatcher
Common redstart -- Gartenrotschwanz
                            Männchen und Weibchen, männlich weiblich
Common redstart

Mixed forestyyy

-- forest management in Germany systematically planted fast growing conifers in the flat plains in Germany from about 1700, although conifers only occur in the high mountains and in the flat plains are growing in the wrong climate and on the wrong soil.

-- from 1900 on, after high losses of conifers, mixed forest was replanted

-- mixed forest are translucent

-- embodies warmth and life

-- is the home of herbs instead of mushrooms (p.49).

The lifeless coniferous forest monoculture

German forest economy planting conifer woods in the lowlands provoked the following:
-- the soil gets sour
-- some mushrooms like the spruce needle felt
-- when the conifers are planted close together the forest becomes totally dark
-- no herbs are growing
-- there are no butterflies
-- the industrial coniferous forest in the lowlands embodies cold and death (p.49).

Coniferous forests in the lowlands are dark and for most butterflies no home (p.158). Spruce forest has hardly any birds, hardly any butterflies (p.164).

Coppice forest - "rash forest"

is characterised by thorny undergrowth (German: Dorn), e.g. contained in the geografic name of "Dornach" (p.48). The procedure:

-- every 20-30 years the deciduous trees are cut and processed into firewood or charcoal (p.52)
-- oaks are very good firewood trees because the pruned branches sprout again and again (p.161)
-- the oaks there become oak sticks with curved ripples (p.162)
-- oak bark is used as tanning bark.

The forest sprouts again, without any additional action from outside (p.52). From the tree trunks new trees are sprouting forming a "sprouting forest" (p.90), e.g. with oaks and beeches, not with conifers. Individual trees remain as "upper wood" for the use of tree wood (p.90).

Today the coppice forest no longer exists (p.90). Today there are still coppice forests in North Germany (Schleswig-Holstein) and the Prince of Bentheim on the border of Lower Saxony has got a "heath coppice forest" ("Hude- und Schneidewald") with oaks and hornbeams, which are regularly beheaded "at man's height". This results in grotesque giant trees (p.162).

"Flora on cut surfaces": is the flora on former clear-cut areas (p.137).

Forest meadows (glades)

feed many endangered butterfly species: scarce fritillary, scarce heath, pearly heath, woodland brown (p.161).


Butterflies in glades
Forest meadow --
                              Waldwiese
Forest meadow
Scarce fritillary -- Kleiner
                              Maivogel
Scarce fritillary
Scarce heath
                              -- Waldwiesenvögelchen
Scarce heath
Pearly heath -- Weissbindiges
                              Wiesenvögelchen
Pearly heath
Woodland brown -- Gelbringfalter
Woodland brown


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2. About the trees

Main classes of wood


Douglas fir -- Douglastanne
Douglas fir

Cone of a douglas fir --
                            Zapfer der Douglastanne
vergrössern Cone of a douglas fir



  

Distribution of Douglas fir in Canada and "USA", map

Distribution of
                              Douglas fir in Canada and "USA",
                              map

Beech
does not improve the soil, but grows well in the shade (p.107), but only tolerates trees next to it if they can submit to the beech (p.8).

Douglas fir [Douglas fir from North "America"]
-- is more stable than spruce (p.99)
-- grows faster than spruce
-- nailing is a little bit more difficult (p.100).

Oak
has 160 years of growth, high quality of wood, storm-proof (p.108), can live for up to 1000 years, over 800 species, some are also green in winter (p.147). Oaks grow in dry or wet, warm places where beech trees do not feel well (p.149). Oaks can grow on all types of soil:

-- on sandy to loamy soils
-- on acid, dry and freshly moist soil
-- in dry and humid climate
-- grows best in lower altitudes, where today mostly wine or fruit is cultivated (p.150).

Oaks have deep roots, "open" the soil, improve the soil, act like a plough, are "humus eaters", act against acidic raw humus, which for example, spruce are producing (p.107), can create springs with their deep roots (p.61).

"German oak" is rated the common oak and the sessile oak (can be found also on German coins, for example). There are more oaks like downy oak, Turkey oak, oak grove, cork oak (p.147).

"German oak"
Common oak -- Stieleiche
Common oak
Leaved of
                        common oak in autumn -- Blätter der Stieleiche
Leaved of common oak in autumn
Sessile
                        oak -- Traubeneiche
Sessile oak
Leaves of sessile oak -- Blätter der
                            Traubeneiche
vergrössern Leaves of sessile oak

Turkey oak and cork oak
Turkey oak -- Zerreiche
Turkey oak
Leaves of turkey oak -- Blätter der
                          Zerreiche
Leaves of turkey oak
Cork oak
                        -- Korkeiche
Cork oak
Cork oak is peeled -- Korkeiche wird
                              geschält
vergrössern Cork oak is peeled
Cork oak
                        is peeled -- Korkeiche geschält
Cork oak is peeled
Cork oak: cross section of the trunk --
                          Querschnitt einer Korkeiche mit Kork aussen
Cork oak:
cross section of the trunk


Oaks in the South of France - the forest of Elzéard Bouffier

The shepherd Elzéard Bouffier (p.61) in the French Cevennes Mountains, planted 10,000e acorns in the karst soil so that new forests were created:
-- on northern sides mixed forest were planted with ashes (p.60)
-- in the valleys birches and alders were planted
-- and new springs were created by the endlessly long oak roots (p.61).
A book about it was written by the writer Jean Giono: "The man with the trees" (p.60).

here is an excerpt (translation):
from: http://www.zum.de/Faecher/kR/BW/bibellit/texte/t075.htm

Elzéard Bouffier (1858-1947) owned a farm in a fertile plain of France. When he lost his only son and then his wife, he retired to the solitude of the Cevennes Mountains. On the desolate mountain slopes there were four or five villages far apart. The living conditions were hopeless. The families raved out their egoism in a small circle. They argued about everything incessantly. Elzéard Bouffier had considered that this area would die completely due to a lack of trees. So he decided to better this situation.

Again and again he got himself a sack of acorns. He poured these on his table and separated the good from the bad. Of the good ones, he once again separated the small ones and those that had slight cracks. The elected ones were soaked in a bucket of water. Then he set off with them and with an iron bar. Arrived there, where he wanted, he began to push a hole with his iron rod into the stony soil. He put an acorn in it and closed it again. In three years he had planted 100,000 acorns in this desert land of which he did not even know who owned it. In a cool way he expected only 10,000 would sprout. But in the event that God gave him a few more years, he thought, many more should be added. The spectacle became more impressive with each year. Where there had previously been nothing, a forest spread out, measuring eleven kilometres in length and three kilometres in width in three sections. Now he planted beech and, where he thought there was moisture under the surface, birch. One of the most beautiful forests in France grew up.

His creative work spread like a chain reaction. Water, sucked in through the infinite roots, flowed through the riverbeds, which have always been dry since immemorial times. With the water came pastures, meadows, flowers and a certain sense of life. Everything had changed, even the air. In the villages the ruins had been cleared away. The new houses, freshly plastered, were surrounded by vegetable gardens. The old population was unrecognisable since they lived with lust. Hardly anyone had any idea of this man's selflessness and perseverance. What had been created unnoticed by him in decades of work, many thought that just a variation of nature was the cause for it. Elzéard Bouffier died at the age of 89.

see the book of Jean Giono: The Man who planted trees, see on Amazon.


Oak societies

The oak "joins" with hornbeam, ash and birch (p.56), is considered from the 8th century as timber for wooden houses, is planted as oak high forest (p.58).

Oaks cooperate with fungal cultures, need 10% of the energy for the production of acorns. The acorns don't come every year. Often several years are in between. Acorns are fast seeds, are also food for forest birds [and in former times also for the pigs, which have been regularly driven into the forest to the "acorn-fattening"]. (S.148).

Oaks let light through, brighten the forest, allow plant communities and small animal communities. Oaks are a big habitat for other animals because at an oak approx. 7000 animal species are living and finding shelter. The oak is promoting them and is taking advantage of them itself (p.149). The crowns of the oaks are partially thinned out in order to maintain light transmission (p.153).

Spruce
The spruce is only fully grown at the age of 80. It is not storm-proof (p.108). Spruces have flat roots and therefore they are not stable against storms (p.98). Srpuces are producing a raw acid humus (p.107). It supplies [in the needles] essential oils  [e.g. for bath additives] (p.45). 

When spruce is planted on clay soils, this has very negative consequences:
-- the roots have hardly any hold
-- under the spruces the ground is acidified
-- Formation of a raw humus layer
-- the location becomes unstable
-- at the next storm whole groups of spruce will overset and fall (p.108).

[For example there was a storm like "Lothar" in Europe with high losses of forest. Why? The capitalist forester has put fast-growing spruce on the wrong soils, where oak forests with deep roots should have been. But oak doesn't grow so fast, bad for the capitalist forester... the capitalists had lost may spruces, this is their own fault. And the gaps in the forest result in new clearings and forest meadows. Nature is pleased that the many spruce trees planted in the wrong places have fallen down].


Pines are often infested with psoriasis (p.45).

Fir
grows in semi-natural areas in populations of different ages. Fir trees need enough crown space. The fir tree is native to the lowlands next to the beech (p.109).

Undergrowth: Bushes: hazel, hawthorn, snowball, elder (p.34).

[Supplement: the edge of the forest
In school it's never said how important these shrubs and bushes on the edged of the forest are for insects, for birds and for other kinds of animals. The engineers, agricultural "architects" and municipal administration employees do not know about this function and have milled away most of the bushes at forest edges in order to "win" building land or agricultural land without considering what is lost, because with car and profit they are happy, everything else does not matter...

When forest edges are destroyed and milled away, many butterflies and ground birds lose their homes. They are missing, and some birdcalls are missing.

Replacement plantings in residential areas where insects, animals and birds hardly find shelter are of no use. Thus, animals that depend on the bushes on the edge of the forest are exterminated in great numbers: the daily Holocaust in the animal world. Some moths and birdcalls just don't exist anymore. Therefore one has to say: save the edges of the forests, put them under law protection, because they are IMPORTANT!]

"undergrowth" at the edge of the forest and in the forest at light-rich places (e.g. roadsides or forest meadows)
Hazel bush -- Haselbusch,
                              Haselstrauch , hazel
Hazel bush
Hazel
                          pollen -- Haselpollen
Hazel pollen
Immature hazelnuts -- Haselnuss unreif
                            Hasel , hazelnut
Immature hazelnuts
Hazelnuts for squirrels -- Haselnüsse
                            für Eichhörnchen
Hazelnuts for squirrels
Big hawthorn bush blooming --
                            Weissdornbusch
vergrössern Big hawthorn bush blooming
Hawthorn flower for nectar, also a
                            healing plant -- Weissdornblüten für Nektar
Hawthorn flower for nectar, also a healing plant
Hawthorn berries for animals --
                            Blättchen und Beeren des Weissdorn
Hawthorn berries for animals

Flower umbles of common snowball for
                            nectar -- Blütendolden des Gemeinen
                            Schneeball
Flower umbles of common snowball for nectar
Berries of common snowball for animals
                            -- Beeren des Gemeinen Schneeball
Berries of common snowball for animals
Elderberry blossoms in umbles for
                            nectar -- Holunderblüten
Elderberry blossoms in umbles for nectar
Elderberries for animals or for juice
                              -- Holunderbeeren
Elderberries for animals or for juice

Side wood classes in the lowlands

Alder

-- survives also in iciest frost pits [by the water]
-- can bind nitrogen from the air
-- protects soil life (p.109).

Side wood class: alder
Alder, the shape
                              -- Erle
Alder, the shape
Alders in
                              society with waters -- Erle, Erlenbruch
Alders in society with waters
Alder leaves --
                              Erlenblätter
Alder leaves
Alder catkins
                              for pollen -- Erlenkätzchen
Alder catkins for pollen
Alder cones give
                              seeds -- Erlenzäpfchen
Alder cones give seeds


Ash
is the "spruce of hardwoods", flat roots, susceptible to storms (p.109). Ashes cannot be stopped by browsing the animals, because they grow back very quickly (p.104). Ash is generally a very fast-growing tree, and is one of the hardest woods in Europe, often used not only for broomsticks, furniture, stairs and chairs, but also for toys].

Side wood class: ash
Ash: the adult shape --
                            Esche
Ash: the adult shape
Ashes in a light forest -- Eschen im
                            Wald
Ashes in a light forest

Side wood class: red oak
: is rare (p.109)
Red oak --
                            Roteiche
Red oak
Red oak leave -- Roteiche Blatt
Red oak leave


Nebenholzart Weissbuche
: im Wald [als Baum] selten (S.109).

[Sinn und Unsinn von Weissbuchenhecken
Weissbuche wird viel als Hecke verwendet, weil sie  immer wieder neu ausspriesst. Der Tierwelt nützt es aber nichts, wenn Hecken da sind, aber keine Sträucher, die Nahrung geben. So entstehen die sterilen Wohnquartiere mit Hecken und sterilem Rasen, die grün aussehen, aber wo weder Vögel noch Insekten Platz finden. Und in Wohnquartieren mit viel Bevölkerung wird sich kaum ein Vogel in einer Hecke bei einer Strasse ein Nest bauen. Das Argument "Luftqualität" ist dann der einzige Grund, wieso eine Hecke gepflanzt wird. Es wäre also wichtig, dass die Waldränder wieder alle entstehen können, um Vögeln und Insekten den Lebensraum zurückzugeben, den sie benötigen: Äcker sollten durch Sträucher eingegrenzt werden, Strassen am Waldrand müssen verschwinden etc.].

Sidewood white beech: is rare in the forest [as a tree] (p.109).

[Sense and nonsense of white beech hedges
White beech is often used as a hedge, because it sprouts again and again. However, it is of no use to the animal world if there are hedges, but no bushes that provide food. This creates sterile living quarters with hedges and sterile lawns that look green, but where neither birds nor insects find shelter and food. And in residential areas with a large population, hardly any bird will build a nest in a hedge near a street. The argument "air quality" is then the only reason why a hedge is planted. It would therefore be important that all the edges of the forest could be restored to give birds and insects the habitat they need: Fields should be bordered by bushes, roads at the edge of the forest must disappear, etc.].

Sidewood white beech
White beech as a tree (rare) --
                                Weissbuche
White beech as a tree (rare)
Leaves of a white beech -- Blätter der
                            Weissbuche
Leaves of a white beech
White beech: Pollen, a provocateur for
                            Bach flower therapy.
White beech: Pollen, a provocateur for Bach flower therapy.

Seeds of
                                the white beech -- Samen der Weissbuche
vergrössern Seeds of the white beech
White beech as sterile hedge with
                                sterile lawn, without berry bushes. --
                                Weissbuche als sterile Hecke
White beech as sterile hedge with sterile lawn, without berry bushes.


Sidewood scots pine: has flat roots, is susceptible to storms (p.109).
Needles and
                              cones of scots pine -- Nadeln und Zapfen
                              der Forche
Needles and cones of scots pine


Timber harvest

Uprooted trees

e.g. spruce: The root plate of the fallen tree shows the type of soil, how far the roots could penetrate into the soil:
-- on a moraine soil the root could form a large thickness
-- on loamy soil / wet soil only a flat root plate could develop, not suitable for spruce, for example (p.46).

  
Female hair moss
                            -- Frauenhaarmoos
Female hair moss

Tree stumps: in moist area: will be covered with female hair moss (p.67).

[Stumps of rotting trees with a rotting center become a small well for birds].

Rotting logs

become a biotope with mosses, ferns, lichens (p.131). Rotten wood is soil for herbs and fungi that slowly decompose and eat up the wood (p.144).

When the game is eating up the young trees

The game is biting off all the shoots of young trees. These trees remain on bonsai size, e.g. "bonsai beech" (p.56).

Wood storage: Tree storage in continuous rain is installed for "wet conservation" against fungi and beetles (p.98).


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3. About creeks and rivers

Free brooks

Natural shore with red alder tree roots: Fish find room in the cavities of the tree roots (p.27).

[Raped brooksides and riversides
Stream and river banks, where only green meadows prevail, are river landscapes sterilised by the White Man. Normally on the banks of the creeks and brooks, it usually buzzes and sounds, a permanent concert of natural sounds. The "architects" said that they had to design sterile, green areas, and have thus exterminated all animals. It doesn't matter, the "architect" thinks, as long as their salary is right. In some countries, "renaturations" are being carried out to design the river banks in such a way that at least some animal species find their place again. It must have taken architects a long time to realize that the nettle, for example, has a purpose for the animal world.

However, the straightened rivers remain as candle-straight in their canals as the rape of the rivers did from 1850 onwards. Proper renaturation would mean restoring the meanders of the rivers so that more flood areas are created, not just a few catchment basins against flooding. For proper renaturation of the sterile streams and rivers, dams, roads and residential buildings or industrial buildings would have to be removed. The Holocaust at the wildlife and at the foot has pretty expensive consequences.

Examples of straight and sterile streams and rivers: Dreisam River below Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany), the river "Wiese" in Basel, the Rhine between Landquart and Lake Constance on the Swiss-Austrian borderline with a motorway right next to it..., the Rhone River in the Lower Valais Valley with a motorway right next to it...

It is questionable why the rivers can still be raped like this and why there is a motorway next to them. When people are installing houses on this "won" land they have to take care that their house will not sink on the soft ground...]

Examples:

  • the map of the raped Dreisam with motorway next to it in Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany), and the raped, candle-straight lower course or the river
the map of the raped Dreisam with motorway next to
                it in Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany), and the raped,
                candle-straight lower course or the river
vergrössern
  • the raped, candle-straight border river "Wiese" near Basel:
Flood plain at the river
                          Wiese in 1643 The raped river "Wiese",
                          candle-straight, thus there is as little
                          nature as possible. And between Lörrach and
                          Riehen, a car expressway has been installed
                          aside to this candle-straight violated river.
                          Thank you policy.
Flood plain at the river Wiese in 1643 The raped river "Wiese", candle-straight, thus there is as little nature as possible. And between Lörrach and Riehen, a car expressway has been installed aside to this candle-straight violated river. Thank you policy.


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4. Low forest plants

For simplicity's sake, the low forest plants (extract) are in alphabetical order:

Anemone is a character flower for light beech forests (p.119).
Anemone -- Waldanemone
Wild garlic
in the forest: blooms in the alluvial forest for 14 days in April, when the leaves of the trees are not yet fully grown (p.23). Wild garlic is a sign of nutrient-rich soil (p.137)
Wild
                            garlic -- Bärlauch
Early flowering plants in the forest: Woodruff
is blooming between March and April, decorating the forest floor with it's colours: The anemone is joined by woodruff (p.119) and by five-leaved bittercress (p.123).
Blooming woodruff -- Blühender
                            Waldmeister
Five-leaved bittercress is the characteristic for lighty beech forests (p.123).

Liana
sare surrounding trunks of trees, live in symbiosis with the trees. Plant and tree benefit simultaneously (p.41).

Lianas originally come from the jungle.
Mistletoe: are living in symbiosis with trees, up to 50 per tree (p.164).
Mistletoe -- Mistel
Moss: Sphagnum moss: is an extreme acid indicator, announcing the marsh, swamp and moor (p.47).
Moss: Sphagnum moss --
                                Sphagnum-Moos
Plants on rotting tree stumps: lichens (Cladonia pyxidata), they are hermaphrodites fungal algae (p.38)
lichens (Cladonia pyxidata) --
                              Becherflechte
Plants around the ponds
Water caltrop (p.142) [with stems from pond bottom to the surface].
Water caltrop -- Wassernuss
Belladonna
contains atropine, causes a state of intoxication (p.47), "madness" (p.48), tastes good. One belladonna does no harm, only three are deadly, act like hashish (p.34). Belladonna is part of the "witch ointment" together with aconite, henbane and jimson apple (also: mad apple, thorn apple) (p.47).
Belladonna -- Tollkirsche

Die für den Mensch giftigen Komponenten der "Hexensalbe"
The toxic components toxic for humans of "witch ointment"
Aconite -- Eisenhut
Aconite
Henbane -- Bilsenkraut
vergrössern Henbane
Flower of jimson apple
                              / mad apple / thorn apple -- Blühender
                              Stechapfel
Flower of jimson apple / mad apple / thorn apple

Mushrooms: on the bark: are a sign of decay (p.41).

Truffles -- Trüffel, Trüffelpilz
vergrössernTruffles
Truffles / truffle mushrooms
grow best in symbiosis with oak, but also with hazel, beech, walnut and pine. They grow underground. Only some types of truffle mushrooms are edible: Périgord truffles, Burgundy truffles, white truffles (p.153). The truffles spread a fragrance that resembles the sexual attractant of the boar. The scent attracts pigs, bats, mice, squirrels, deer and roe, which spread the fungus spores with their excrements (p.154).

Waldkräuter

Waldkräuter sind Indikatoren für die verschiedenen Waldtypen (S.46)

Sauerklee, Waldmeister, Rührmichnichtan (S.45)

Sauerklee: ist Zeichen für Mullhumus auf an moorigem Boden (S.47)

Jelängerjelieber: eindeutiger Name [macht süchtig] (S.48).

Forest herbs

Forest herbs are indicators for the different forest types (p.46)

There are e.g. Wood Sorrel, Woodruff, Impatiens noli-tangere (p.45)

Wood Sorrel: is a sign of gauze humus on marshy soils (p.47)

Italian honeysuckle: is a clear name [makes addictive] (p.48).

Italian
                              honeysuckle -- Jelängerjelieber
Italian honeysuckle

"Extermination" of plants

Plants around the ponds are on the brink of extinction, not because of picking, but because of the destruction of ponds. Those who want to save plants usually also have to save their biotope (p.142).


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5. Forest animals

Depending on the type of forest, there are different plant and animal communities in the forest (p.116)

Forest rich in animals

-- forest is a combination of light structures
oo detached single trees
oo scattered bush groups
oo meadows in the wood
oo dry meadows in the wood
oo the forest can be used as middle or coppice forest
oo the forest is typical for the former farmer's forest.

-- alluvial forests, swamp and bush forests (p.160).

Forests: plants and animals feed each other in abundance

The forest with its plants and animals forms a large community. These are trees, bushes, birds, etc. In the forest life lives in abundance with seeds, animals and rotting wood and foliage, which again gives the animals protection and food. Or plants get their nutrients from dead decaying animals. There is a constant exchange, an emergence and decay, and a transformation of the states of life of plants and animals.

Mr. Oeser tells in his "Book about the forest" (original German: Das Buch vom Wald) - translation:
"The characteristic of the forest is the abundance to the waste of life, from the countless plant and animal beings in the depths of the root kingdom on, in and above the forest floor, up to the abundantly growing foliage and the incredible amount of pollen, seeds and fruits in the crowns of the trees. It is a constant exchange, an emergence, an offence and a transformation of the life states of plants and animals. The plant feeds on the declining animal, and the animal feeds on the developing, flowering, fruitful and declining plant, its juices and marrow. And each one presents itself in abundance, the balance of which causes the complementary community of life of the forest."
(H.L. Oeser: Das Buch vom Wald; special print of Oeser Edition, Starnberg am See; In: Clausen / Riedel Vol. III., p.30)
At the same time, some of the animals in the forest are true master architects (Clausen / Riedel, vol. III., p.31).

Meadows in glades as a factor: is the food base for insects and butterflies in the forest (p.158).

Hidden forest life

takes place
-- in the ground.
-- between roots and fungi
-- in the moss, mire and swamp
-- in the canopy: moth at night, some species unknown to this day (p.116). The canopy of deciduous forests at night is the world of moths and hunting bats (flittermice) (p.150-151).

Insects in the forest

Bark beetles: can eat whole forests (p.50).

[The bark beetles /"letterpress printers" eat mainly on weakened trees. When whole forests have become ill from acid rain and acid soil, whole forests are eaten away...].
Bark
                          beetle -- Borkenkäfer
Bark beetle
Bark
                          beetle: muzzle picture with beetle larvae --
                          Borkenkäfer: Frassbild
Bark beetle: muzzle picture with beetle larvae

Without trees, there would be no insects on earth. The insects love the tree spheres and like to flutter around in the above-ground parts of the trees, and the insect larvae are in the ground at the tree roots. The energies between flight animal and plants, between forces from above and forces from below, belong together.
(from: Rudolf Steiner: Agricultural Course (original German: Landwirtschaftlicher Kurs); Rudolf Steiner Edition, Dornach; In: Clausen / Riedel Vol. III., p.32,34)

The beneficial combination of forest and animals and agricultural land

Without birds and butterflies, the plants are crippling. Farmers should therefore know something about insects and bird breeding. At the same time, the forest needs to be regulated when proliferating plants are dominating, areas have to be left out, etc. Shrubs are very important for the animals. Forest birds, fungi, insects and worms, bacteria and parasites, that all comes together in the forest. Floodplains must always be rich in fungi, fungi and bacteria stand together. Alluvial forests also prevent harmful small animals from farm land and from the fields. Therefore, the art is a correct distribution of forests, orchards, bushes, meadows, alluvial forest zones and natural fungal cultures, even if this means that the usable area of agriculture has to be reduced somewhat.

"In the right distribution of forests, orchards, bushes, meadows with a certain natural mushroom culture lies so much the essence of a favourable agriculture that one... (even then) more would be achieved for agriculture if the usable areas of agricultural land had to be reduced somewhat. In any case, one does not pursue an economic economy if one exploits the area of the ground to such an extent that everything I have spoken of disappears... Well, you can see that in a certain way the forests and orchards, the shrubbery above the ground, are r e g u l a t o r s in order to shape plant growth in the right way."
(Rudolf Steiner: Agricultural Course; Rudolf Steiner-Verlag, Dornach; In: Clausen / Riedel Vol. III., p.35-36)

(from: Rudolf Steiner: Agriculture course (original German: Landwirtschaftlicher Kurs); Rudolf Steiner Edition, Dornach; In: Clausen / Riedel Vol. III., S.35-36)


Badger -- DachsBadger: He is a nocturnal hunter, hardly visible during the day (p.120).

The game becomes forest game

Man restricts the habitat of game

--> the game flees into the forest and eats young trees

--> the forest can no longer rejuvenate because the game is eating the young trees

--> the game was originally never in the forest! (S.116)

[And in the mountains another thing is happening: grazing animals flee from the showy paragliders into the forest. The animals think that the paragliders wold be threatening birds].

In the forest, the game prefers fir and oak shoots, in winter also spruce shoots (p.111). Stags (cervids) eat every young growth "mercilessly" (p.111-112). As an antidote the spruces are sometimes even "tarred" , thus painted with tar  so that the game does not eat it (p.111).

[In turn, tar is very toxic, with highly carcinogenic substances, which then enter the food chain].

Wolves: The wolves keep the game population small and thus protect the young forest from deer distruction (p.184).

Chase


Chase without exit: slow driving of the game without escaping

"Diplomat Hunt": on antlered game (p.111), [so that the "diplomat" can also bring home a "trophy"...]

The deer antlers in the forest expressing currents that turn outwards

The people of Anthroposophy give the stag a special function in the forest, because its antlers express forces that push outwards, or the stag has a "strong communication with its environment" by its antlers:

"Noble game is an animal creature, which is in a very special intimate connection and not so much with the earth as with the surroundings of the earth, with what is cosmic in the surroundings of the earth; therefore noble game has antlers, and it has an important task. ... The formation of antlers is not about the fact that the currents are returned to the organism, but about the fact that certain currents are led straight a piece outwards, that valves are there, whereby certain currents - they do not always have to be liquid and air-shaped, but they can also be force currents, which are localized in the antlers - that these are discharged out there. The deer is beautiful because it has a strong communication with its environment, that it sends certain of its currents outwards and lives with the environment, thereby taking in everything that seems organic in the nerves and senses".
(after Rudolf Steiner: Agricultural Course (original: Landwirtschaftlicher Kurs); Rudolf Steiner Edition, Dornach; In: Clausen / Riedel Vol. III., p.31)


The fauna on the oak: "oak animals".

The oak binds more plants, butterflies and birds than any other tree (p.116). The oak attracts about 7000 animals, 100 of which are vertebrates (p.149) like the squirrel (p.154), 70 birds, the rest mainly in the ground, the largest of which are butterfly caterpillars, earthworms. The microfauna:

-- mites, 10,000 species, they love oak leaves and acorns.

-- gall wasps (p.149): 86 species (p.151), and gall mosquitoes: they put the gall balls on oak leaves, they love oak leaves (p.149)

-- springtails: 2000 species: they love oak leaves and acorns (p.150)

-- wood-living fungi (p.150).

Oak animals: Insects: Oak is the habitat of many insect species. Where there are many insects, there are also many insect caterpillars and birds that eat them: Bluetit, stars, jackdaws, nuthatch and others. The death of oak forests [on sunny slopes where vines were installed] is therefore also the death of many species of flora and fauna, above all concerning bird life (p.151).

Typical "birds of oaks"
Bluetit -- Blaumeise
Bluetit
[Bluetits should not be encouraged too much, because they eat butterfly caterpillars].
Star
Star
Jackdaw -- Dohle
Jackdaw
Nuthatch -- Kleiber
Nuthatch
Middle spotted
                              woodpecker -- Mittelspecht
Middle spotted woodpecker
 
Oak: Middle spotted woodpecker: The middle spotted woodpecker hammers its favorite insects out of the oak bark without damaging the oak (p.152). It pokes more than chopping, needs deep bark, prefers dead branches and dead trunks ("dead wood"), is only in the middle forest. The older the oaks, the more frequently the middle spotted  woodpecker can be found. The darker a forest, the fewer middle spotted  woodpeckers (p.164), because then the number of insect larvae decreases. The number of middle spotted woodpeckers is a criterion for a light-rich and animal-rich forest (p.165).

Oak animals: Butterflies: Oaks are home to almost 300 species of butterflies on common oaks and sessile oaks. Light oak forests are the most butterfly-rich biotopes with "oak butterflies", e.g. large and small moth:

Butterfly on oak: purple emperor and lesser purple emperor
Purple emperor, male -- Grosser
                            Schillerfalter Männchen, männlich
Purple emperor, male
Purple emperor, female -- Grosser
                            Schillerfalter Weibchen, weiblich
Purple emperor, female
Lesser purple emperor, male -- Kleiner
                            Schillerfalter, männlich
Lesser purple emperor, male
Lesser purple emperor, female --
                            Kleiner Schillerfalter, weiblich
Lesser purple emperor, female

Other species of oak butterflies are the blotched emerald,
crimson underwing, acorn moth, purple hairstreak in the oak's crowns, blue / red underwing, merveille du jour, common lackey moth, green silver-lines, giant wing oak moths, oak processionary (p.155).

Other butterflies on the oak
Crimson underwing -- Eichenkarmin
Crimson underwing
Acorn
                          moth -- Eichenwickler
Acorn moth
Purple hairstreak -- Blauer
                              Eichenzipfelfalter
Purple hairstreak
Red
                          underwing -- Ordensband
Red underwing
Common lackey moth -- Ringelspinner
Common lackey moth
Green silver-lines -- Jägerhütchen
Green silver-lines

If the first caterpillars have hatched in an oak forest, they eat away the leaf shoots (p.155). The infested oaks, however, send out signals via their roots to the neighboring oaks. The warned oaks defend themselves against caterpillar damage by releasing tannic acid into the leaves and are not infested. The infested trees turn green a second time after a few weeks, producing less wood and fewer acorns in a year in which they are infested (p.156).

The mourning cloak drinks on bleeding birches, nibbles on rotting fruits, lays its eggs preferentially on free standing willows of mostly 2-3m or on birches of at least 5-7m. Apparently he knows instinctively how much leaves his caterpillars need when they have hatched (p.160).
 
Mourning cloak
                              -- Trauermantel
Mourning cloak

More animals in the forest

Frogs
are in frog ponds, used to be a dish for the poor in former times. Today more frogs die on the roads on their hikes than used to be eaten (p.142-143).

Hawk -- Habicht Hawk: is decimated by environmental toxins with pesticides and lethal toxics in the field mice etc. (p.120).

Small animals in the forest
decompose the leaves, keep the soil alive, live in community with roots, e.g. oak roots (p.149).

Toads
live in the moist and wet musty world of the forest (p.125), between ponds, reeds and bogs / moors (p.143).

World of birds
Bird concerts in the forest take place in the cool morning [from about 5 o'clock summer time] (p.45). In general, the bird life in the forests is declining more and more [because the forest glades and forest meadows are becoming overgrown and the forest edges are being milled away] (p.32). Birds help against bark beetles [eating larvae] (p.112), they protect the forest from harmful insects (p.136).

[The fewer birds, the more bark beetles... this has been well planned by the technically crazy "architects", spatial planners, engineers and community leaders. The main sinner in Switzerland is probably the so-called ETH and other technical "universities"...].

Breeding birds make a variation of nests. Nest forms and nest materials are indicators for certain birds. Cave-breeders can be promoted with nesting boxes, e.g. great tit, bluetit, pied flycatcher, nuthatch, treecreeper, marshtit (p.169). [Butterfly books, however, always indicate that the tit population should not be promoted because tits eat butterfly caterpillars].

  

Jay -- Eichelhäher

Jay

    
Thrush -- Drossel
Thrush

Jay: This bird hides acorns in the ground for the winter, often does not find them anymore and plants new oak groups (p.150).

Thrush: in the middle forest (p.164).

The birds in the trees
[...] Birds are as much a part of the forest as trees and shrubs themselves, important members of the whole large community of plants and animals.

And the birds build their various nests in the trees, in very specific places, and they think that the trees are their property and defend them against other birds:

<For the sculptor it is particularly interesting to see how and in which room a certain bird builds its nest, which part of the tree is preferred for nesting etc., which form of the branch space, the nest and the bird can be read. There are thousands of different designs of nests: bowls, baskets, hanging bags, pile dwellings, caves, etc. Many observers and researchers can say that the egg is only coloured in the moment when it is laid. This also explains why the cuckoo can lay the eggs of the same colour in other nests. When building a nest, every bird shapes its essence, its fluidum into it. It has a relationship to special trees, the tree with the nest atmosphere is owned by the (p.30) "owner". One could still explore many things about the coexistence of bird and tree speaking with foresters, forest workers etc. etc.. Many birds prefer a certain tree to build nests in, or they like to eat its fruits and seeds etc.> (p.31)

(from: H.L. Oeser: The book about the forest (original German: Das Buch vom Wald); special edicion by Oeser Edition, Starnberg am See; In: Clausen / Riedel Vol. III., S.30-31)

Waldameisen löschen eine Kerze in 4 1/2 Minuten, dann in 30 Sekunden
Eine Kerze in einem Ameisenhaufen wird durch die Ameisen gelöscht:

Forest ants
are so useful that dense young forests are thinned out because of them in order to keep them there. Sometimes even wire housing constructions are placed over ant heaps to protect them from woodpeckers. Ants create "good bee pasture" [?] (p.112).

Forest ants put out a candle in 4 1/2 minutes, then in 30 seconds
A candle in an anthill is extinguished by the ants:

"In a fir forest about 1,000 metres above sea level... an anthill is located under a fir tree leaning against the trunk, with a material of about 1/3 m3, consisting of needles, dry, broken twigs, dry leaves and small stones. I put a stearinker candle with a diameter of 20 mm into the anthill in the morning 1/4 before 10 o'clock so that the candle still looked 3 cm out. The flame of the clande was 3,5cm. Immediately the next ants jumped in and watched the fire. After a few seconds I saw some of the excited animals jumping into the fire. ... The whole tribe was in a state of excitement. Then the wild jumping stopped, and I watched as three to four strong ants approached the flame carefully and stood at the edge of the candle so that they could hold on with their hind legs, while (p.31) they held up their head and front legs stretched out. ... In this position the brave animals splashed a liquid against the wick, so that the flame flared up every time. ... Each lasted 2-3 seconds, then they detached. Other animals filled the gap with needle material up to the height of the candle.... Around the candle were 150-200 ants, the fire-caught fir needles were also extinguished immediately.... In 4 1/2 minutes the fire was out. .... Now they tried to cover the candle from the mountain side.... Some animals took the burnt animals away.... The ants then went back to their usual occupation.... Later I wanted to light the candle again, I made it difficult to light up by the effectively sprayed material. The second time, the delete operation was completed in 30 seconds. ... " (S.32)
(after Friedrich Gedde; from: Kosmos, 1930, vol. 27, issue 2; Edition Franck, Stuttgart; In: Clausen / Riedel vol. III, p.31-32)

[Woodpeckers eat ants
Woodpeckers love ants. In winter, the woodpeckers know exactly under which snow domes the anthills are located, they dig large holes and then take out the ants with their long tongues].

Wood ant - moths
The moths lay their eggs in anthills. The ants pull the larvae in until the moths hatch. These must flee immediately, otherwise they are eaten by the ants (p.159).

  
Wild ducks:
                            male and female -- Wildenten: Männchen neben
                            Weibchen
Wild ducks: male and female
  
Wild boars
                            on a forest meadow -- Wildschwein im Wald
Wild boars on a forest meadow

Wild ducks: live wild by the ponds (p.143).

Wild boars: are searching the ground for acorns (p.112).

[Meanwhile, the wild boar population has grown so large and the forests are getting smaller and smaller, so that wild boars are even digging up entire gardens in housing estates. Sometimes entire motorways are also unsettled by wild boars. The stupid "architects" and engineers forgot to take the game pass into account...].


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6. Forest disgrace, forest destruction and forest development. Chronology

from 8000 B.C.

After the ice age comes a long-term warming in Europe

5000-2000 B.C.

With the warm climate large forests are coming up in Central Europe with oak, lime, elm, maple, ash (p.149).


-- geschützte Bäume durften nicht gefällt werden [ist bei den Indianern auch so]


Teutons and their forest

Common property "Common Land" - protected trees

The forest was common property, "common land" (p.50). In the Germanic forests oak and beech is dominating (p.56). The Teutons

-- are hunting wild boars in the original, vast oak forests.

-- are worshipping only single trees religiously, e.g. the oak was sacred (p.54) [also natives are worshipping certain trees, respectively the Germanics and Teutons are the natives of Central Europe]

-- oak groves were sacred to the Teutons (p.8), the oak had mystical power for them (p.58), the oak was particularly sacred as a "bear tree", moreover, chestnuts, walnuts and all wild fruit plants were protected.

-- protected trees could not be felled or cut [that's the same with the natives in "America"]

-- the forest is kept bright around the sacred trees, so the sacred trees can grow and multiply more strongly

-- wild apple trees and ash trees served as markers and were not touched during resale (p.57).

Oak flour was a staple food of the Teutons (p.58).

The Teutons do not build stables before the discovery of metals, but maintain forest meadows and glades throughout the year. Since the discovery of metal, wood becomes the raw material and material for equipment (p.86).

Among the Teutons the Odenwald (Ode Forest) was the oak forest of God Odin for his hunting actions (p.56). Plinius, a Roman historian, discribes huge oak trunks with man-high roots under which riders can ride. Tacitus describes Germania in his writing "Germania" as "horrible as a result of its swamps", describes the Germans themselves as "forest people" (p.56).

[The Germanic tribes were demonized by Roman propaganda in the same way that European state propaganda demonized the natives, and the blacks were demonized by European state propaganda as "half-wild". Tacitus has probably still been very reserved in the Roman obsession with superiority. About Tacitus in Europe 0-2000 see the work "Germanic fart".


Map with the
                          position of Ode Forest (Odenwald) in Germany
Map with the position of Ode Forest (Odenwald) in Germany
Teutons: depiction
                                of God Odin
vergrössern Teutons: depiction of God Odin [wings are symbol for extraterrestrials]
Plinius: portrait
Plinius: portrait
Tacitus: portrait
Tacitus: portrait

Hegel's assertion: "Free Peoples"

The German writor Hegel claims that the Germanic forests were "residences of free peoples".

Thesis 1: Mountains and forests preserve "freedom".

Thesis 2: Switzerland has been able to preserve "primordial democracy" because of mountains and forests (p.56).

[Truth is another one: Shitzerland is Rothschild's money island for continental Europe, and around Shitzerland with criminal bank secret, criminal pharma and crimnal Nestlé all Europe can go to ruins - and Swiss people mean that all the wealth would come by their smuggling mentality - and that's why the word of Shitzerland is right].


The Romans destroy the Germanic forest - forest destruction for vines
The Romans cleared the forests systematically for taking the hiding places from the Teutons [a common war tactic, e.g. in Eritrea, where all forests were cleared during civil war...].

The Romans

-- also introduce better wheat, vine planting, and the sweet chestnut

-- carry out large clearings destroying wide forests for fields, orchards, vineyards, meadows and pastures, which are only given to Roman farmers.

-- Germanic peasants are forced into the forest

-- Roman law rules over the Teutons (p.86).

[According to the latest research, e.g. by Mr. Zillmer, Roman Empire and all Roman Empire documents are a Vatican invention. Greek soldiers were called "Romans" and all war activity of the invented Roman Empire in Central Europe in Teutonic area is a BIG LIE].

[Waldvernichtung durch Weinanbau: Konkrete Beispiele
Es ist es also tierbiologisch wie pflanzenbiologisch ein höchst zweifelhaftes Vergnügen, z.B. am Rhein die riesigen Weinberghänge zu sehen, wenn man sich vorstellt, dass hier über mehrere 100 Quadratkilometer Wald abgeholzt werden mussten, um die Reben anzupflanzen. Die Loreley der Germanen hat sicher noch die Wälder und nicht die Reben miterlebt. Diese Fehlentwicklung vom sonnigen Wald zu Weinreben ist bis heute nicht korrigiert...]

With the introduction of the vine on sunny slopes, all sunny forests are destroyed there.  The existence of many species of butterflies is made impossible (p.161). The more vines, the more birds concentrate on the remaining forests, which are burdened more (p.164).

[Forest destruction by vine: concrete examples
So it is a highly doubtful pleasure, both animal-biologically and plant-biologically, to see the huge vineyard slopes on the Rhine, for example, if one imagines that several hundred square kilometres of forest had to be cleared here in order to plant the vines. The Loreley of the Teutons certainly still experienced the forests and not the vines. This aberration from sunny forest to vineyards has not been corrected to this day. Additionally the ground water levels are sinking when the forest is not there...]

The celebration of forest destruction by vineyards
Vineyards on the
                            Middle Rhine
Vineyards on the Middle Rhine

Wine Queen celebrating the victory
                        of wine and the defeat of the forest.
Wine Queen celebrating the victory of wine and the defeat of the forest.

Statue of Loreley with long blond hair
vergrössern Statue of Loreley with long blond hair

[The same phenomenon of vineyards over whole river valleys can be observed in France, for example. The same counts for the wide vineyards on Lake Geneva or Lake Zurich. There used to be large, sunny forests with a huge variety of species. To this day, nobody thinks of planting new, sunny forests instead of vineyeards, and therefore the diversity of species continues to diminish. And instead of reducing wine-growing areas globally, new countries such as California or New Zealand are entering the world market with new wines and have certainly had to destroy miles and miles of forest again.

Moreover, every forest is not only a certain protection against landslides, but also a drinking water reservoir for the summer. Especially the long roots of oak produce some springs.

And grotesquely, "conservationists" sometimes like to drink wine and do not recognize these connections. Therefore there is the following connection: anyone who drinks wine is cutting down forests and exterminating many animals and endangering the water supply. And the sprayed grapes are poisoning the birds, and in the nets the birds are killed miserably. "Wine" and the destruction of forests are still a taboo today. Italy, for example, often has a lot of wine, but hardly any drinking water, because most light forests have been cleared and as a result the ground water levels were sinking and many springs have dried up...]


[Parallelen zum Recht bei den Indianern sind offensichtlich].

Der Adel lichtet alle Wälder und definiert den Wald zum "Forst", zum "Herrenwald", wo Holzen und Jagen für Nicht-Adlige verboten ist(S.86).

Chronology (continued)

around 400

The Teutons chase away the Roman occupiers

-- Roman law will be preserved. The Teutons put themselves forward as nobles / superiors, and the peasants remain "subjects".
-- Beginning of the fight for the not yet cleared forest
-- Beginning of the struggle for the old Germanic right of free hunting, free fishing and free use of wood (p.86).

[Parallels to native laws in "America" are obvious. And according to the new research there was NO Roman Empire. Roman Law is an INVENTION of the criminal gay Vatican with it's diaper bishops and diaper monks. Some People with dark hair were in Central Europe, and there are some coins of Rome in Central Europe, but also other coins. Only THIS is sure].

The nobility invents itself - the farmers lose all rights

The upper classes of the Teutons [with new Christian terrorism] invent serfdom, the ban and "afforestation" (p.86). With serfdom [by the Christian noble terrorists] the farmers lose the sense of responsibility for the forest (p.92).

The [Christian terrorist] nobility clears all forests and defines the forest as a "forest", as a "manor forest", where logging and hunting is forbidden for non-nobility [for all "normal" people] (p.86).

7. / 8. Jh.
Harz, Spessart, Soonwald, Schönbuch, Altorfer Wald, Nürnberger "Reichswald" (S.86), Frankfurter Stadtwald (S.86,88).

7th/8th century
Germany: The tree forests of the Franconian kings [Christian terrorists]
Harz, Spessart, Soonwald, Schönbuch, Altorf Forest, Nuremberg "Reichswald" (p.86), Frankfurt city forest (p.86,88).

from 700 approx.
[Christian terrorist] "mission" of the Teutons
This is a struggle of the [criminal terrorist] church against the forest, against tree cults, against natural energies (p.64).

  
Depiction of the Donar oak which is cut
                            down... [it must have been a much bigger oak
                            - and the criminal pedophile bishop is
                            standing besides with a gloriole]
vergrössern
Depiction of the Donar oak which is cut down... [it must have been a much bigger oak - and the criminal pedophile bishop is standing besides with a gloriole]

724
Destruction of the Oak Faith

Bishop Bonifatius has the Donar oak felled near Geismar

->> the oak falls, and the revenge of the gods does not happen

->> the close relationship between the Germanic population and nature is lost

->> the destruction of the relationship to nature is the precondition for the clearing of the European jungle forests (p.56).
 
[With the destruction of the relationship to the forest, all knowledge of nature is gradually lost].

[In reality, the Donar oak on the picture might have been much larger, considering, for example, the large sacred trees of the natives in Seattle].

The forest in a fairy tales

is described until the 13th century as large, dark, wild, dense, high, dark, with frightening parables, alienations, parables (p.56).


"The Middle Ages"

Thieves in the forest
They cultivate alternative forms of life in the Middle Ages, are today a myth (p.24).

Outcasts in the forest
The misery of expelled forest people can be read on signs, place names and prayer houses (p.42). Certain people are banished into the forest, which can be read from the names "Ban Forest" ("Bannwald"), "Slave work forest" ("Fronwald"), "Manor forest" ("Herrenwald"), etc.

The wooden house
Since about the 8th century the wooden house can prevail in Europe. Oaks are planted "in stock" as oak high forest (p.58).

Farmer forestry
Farmers prefer broadleaf trees, which also give off broadleaf feed and leaf litter (p.90). Farmers are organized now like this:

-- Collecting leaf litter and leaves for the stables, in times of need as feed for the cattle
-- Collecting grass, collecting wood.
-- Collecting beechnuts, acorns, berries
-- Extraction of resin from older trees: Trees are "veined" (p.52).

Forest products in the Middle Ages
There are wood, fruits of trees, herbs, wax, honey of forest bees, pitch, resin of pine trees, bast of lime trees (p.88).

Development of the wood trade and wood professions
Wooden trunks are rafted on the rivers to the towns. Wood professions are now cooper, carpenter, cartwrite, spoon carver, sledge maker, shoemaker for wooden shoes, flute maker, spinning wheel maker, rake maker, rafting (p.88). The wood crafts do not reduce the forest (p.89)

Pork fattening with acorns

-- until the 19th century the oak tree is considered a fruit tree, oak forest is open pasture forest for pigs, today still partly in France [and Spain]

-- pork herds are driven into the forest, this procedure produces "hearty meat", "firm bacon". Simplicissimus describes it: "On the oaks are growing the best hams." But pigs also eat grubflies and bark beetles (p.57), reducing the pests of oak (p.58)

-- nose rings in pigs should prevent ploughing over the ground

-- until the 19th century the forest value is calculated according to acorns, not according to solid cubic meters of wood

-- beechnuts are unsuitable for fattening pigs, the bacon then turns to be oily (p.57).

Forest pastures
The forest pastures had their purpose, e.g. for fattening pigs in oak forests (p.58).

The farmers also send sheep and goats into the forests, which also trim the undergrowth (p.88). In this way, a "willow forest" is created. Around strong trees all is eliminated and the strong trees get more life and become stronger. And also the pastures in the forests are preserved by the animals eating all young trees there. Wood production is not important yet. In this way a light forest is created rich in animals (p.89).

The farmers have their own rules for "field farming" in the forest, for the use of "forest fields":

1. clear the area, make cole from the roots and rhizomes (char it)

2. plant potatoes, because they loosen the soil (p.52)

3. from the second summer: plant grain, harvest it, let stay young spruce for the [Christian terrorist] nobility, lease the land to "poor journeymen" (p.53)

4. sale of spruce monocultures to the [Christian terrorist] nobility (p.53).

ab 1300 ca.

Beginn des Kampfes um den Wald: Adel und Kirche gegen Bauern
Die Kirche ist meist auf Seiten der Reichen des Adels [da die Adelsfamilien jeweils den zweiten Sohn an die Kirchendienste abgeben müssen]. Die Kirche wird selbst grösste Waldbesitzerin (S.56).


Forest pastures had to be cleared, recognizable in the name of "burn" for the procedure of slash-and-burn, e.g. "Burner" ("Brenner"), "Hill of Burner" ("Brennerbühl") (p.49). Today, forest pastures are often overgrown. Only the names remain like "Stallion moss" ("Hengstmoos"), ("Rabbit Pasture" ("Hasenweide"), "Foal Forest" ("Fohlenwald"), "Acorns Garden" ("Eichelgarten"), "Pig's Bridge" ("Saubruck") (p.48).

from 1200 approx.

-- last clearing of forests in Germany and clearing of fields

-- there are new settlement foundations with words endings like: -forest (-wald), -fire (-brand), -clear (-rode), -reut, -schwand (p.88).

from 1300 approx.

Beginning of the fight for the forest: criminal Christian terrorist nobility and criminal Christian Vatican church against peasants
The crimiinal Christian Vatican Church is mostly on the side of the rich of the criminal Christian terrorist nobility [since the noble families have to give the second son to the Church's services]. The [criminal Christian terrorist] Church itself becomes the largest owner of forest (p.56).

Moors and swamps and bogs
Farmers cut the peat as fuel (p.153). Diminished bogs revitalize themselves with 1cotton grass, 2sundew, 3mossberry, 4cranberry, 5bog moss, 7heather, or are overgrown with birch (p.153).

Plants revitalizing degreeded moors / swamps / bogs
Cotton
                        grass -- Wollgras
Cotton grass
Sundew -- Sonnentau
vergrössern Sundew
Bog bilberry -- Rauschbeere
vergrössern Bog bilberry
Cranberry -- Moosbeere
vergrössern Cranberry
Bog moss -- Torfmoos
vergrössern Bog moss
Heather -- Heidekraut
 
Heather
Birch
                        trees on moor territory -- Moorbirken
Birch trees on moor territory


First forest regulations
In the Middle Ages, forest regulations prescribe the division of forests into little territorial unities and oblige those responsible to cut only as much as can regrow (p.91).

Monks in the Forest: "Pond Farming"

Starting from approx. 1300, the monks and monasteries lay out forest ponds starting from approx. 1300, partly with refined hydraulic engineering:
-- to fatten fish (p.42)
-- as an irrigation system for agriculture
-- as fire ponds
-- as a sewer
-- as drive for mills (p.138).

There is a pond boom because the "pond management" of the monasteries in the forests is profitable. The creeks are the "engines of the monastic economy" (p.138-139) and the fishes are the food for the Fridays (p.139). In Upper Swabia around Ravensburg, for example, 2,400 ponds are installed, 1,000 of which still exist today (p.140).

Ponds are also used for breeding leeches for medical bloodletting (p.142).

Frogs are the food of the poor from the ponds, from frog ponds (p.142-143).

[Later in France, for example, an entire lake district was created as a water reserve for Paris and its royal fountains...].

Wholesale trade in the forest: late medieval and early modern industry continues to destroy forests
Many quarries are being built in the forest (p.42). Most wholesale trade reduces the forest area because a lot of firewood is used (p.89):

Mining, metal smelting, glass blowing, the are producing their products for the decadent cities and for the military.

Example Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz):
1 ton of iron which is produced in the arms production of the Upper Palatinate in the Middle Ages, needs 50 m3 of wood as charcoal. When the forest is cleared, the arms production plant is moving away. In this way, Upper Palatinate develops into an industrial region, but because of lack of woos it's rated down again after having reached it's peak (p.89).

Also glass fabrication plants are placed where a lot of forest is available as a supplier of firewood:
-- in the Bavarian Forest
-- in the Hessian mountains
-- in the Black Forest in South Germany
-- in the Spessart Forest in Central Germany (p.92).

Example Wald Solling:

-- the glassworks at the end of the Middle Ages / beginning of the Modern Era cut everything down, move on and cut down everything again in a new place.

-- there are potash smelting works

-- and there are suppliers industries for the glass fabrication plants

-- and wood is also used for other production plants: for the huts in the Harz Forest, for salt works in the Weser Valley and Leine Valley (p.179)

Forestry in the Vienna Woods

There are also bitumen production plants, with the wood of Scotch pine or black pine delivering the rasin as a raw material for rosin and turpentine. And there are also coal production plants (charcoal burning) and lime kilns (p.189).

In the end, all the forest has been cut down and burned as firewood (p.89). The forest only regenerates because the climate in Central Europe is forest friendly. In southern Europe, industry is followed by desertification without forest regeneration (p.92).

[The indication that "The Romans" had cut all forests for their ships is a BIG LIE because a Roman Empire did NOT EXIST. But: Middle Age industries were destroying the forests in all Europe, and in the Mediterranean they left a desertification].

There are also geographical names "pile" (German: "Meiler") and "charburner" (German: "Köhler") recognizing the old industrial structures with (p.42), e.g. with the name of "Char Town" (German: "Kohlstatt") (p.48). The piles itself are not recognizable any more (p.42). Big piles were operated
-- by [Christian terrorist] monasteries
-- by [Christian terrorist] gentlemen
-- by cities.

The farmers operated smaller coal piles (p.48).

More people in the forest were:
Millers, wood cutters, recolectors of brushwood, honey hunters (apiarists) (p.66), alternative people, rebels, see also literature: Schiller's "Thieves" (original German: "Räuber"), and the stories of Rübezahl, Robin Hood (p.68).

Saltworks: need forest, e.g. the saltworks around Lüneburg. Thus on the sandy soil only remains heath (p.89).

Forest taverns / forest huts
are remnants of medieval meeting points of the outlawed of the middle ages. The forest huts serve today for alternative culture events and to people who prefer a natural life in the forest (p.43).

  

Grimm Brothers
Grimm Brothers
  

Charles Perrault
Charles Perrault

Forest in a fairy tale

The picture is changing. Forest is now connected to "Forest and Meadow". The forest loses partly it's bad reputation by the horrific lies in the tales (p.56). The [censored] Grimm fairy tales are based on all sorts of European sources. Many are fairy tailes from France (French: "contes" by Charles Perrault (p.63).

The fairytale forest always brings new experiences:

-- is a place of enchantment.

-- in the forest another language is used as being in a "different world".

-- forest corresponds to the undergrowth before the redemption for clarity in the curriculum vitae

-- forest dwellers know the forest, nobles / children get lost in it!

-- the robber forest is directed against the [Christian terrorist] nobility and against poverty, with "wild animals" (p.66)

-- behind the forest follows the paradise as a "fairy-tale kingdom" (p.67).

around 1400
The Germanic woodland has disappeared. The man who first lived on cleared islands in the forest turns the forest into islands. The forest becomes a carpet of stains, is "used" and abused (p.88).

1525
Bauernkrieg um den Wald
Bauern wollen beim Adel nicht mehr Brennholz kaufen müssen. Der Adel siegt aber und beutet die Wälder sodann ungehindert aus (S.91).


from 1500 approx.

16th century approx.
Prohibition of hungings
Until the 16th century, game was a common resource. The [Christian terrorist] nobility now has a general ban on hunting and leaves poachers hanging (p.68). At the same time the [Christian terrorist] nobility [which let destroy all forests by their industries] is breeding the game by special farmers (p.68).

Invention of shooting rifle and hunting: the fight for forest meadows
Almost all nobility documents mention an oak forest. From the 15th century onwards [since the invention of the firing mechanism and of the shooting rifle in Italy] the European [Christian terrorist] aristocracy gradually forbids the farmers from hunting in the woods in order to be able to hunt freely even in the light forests (p.58), roes and stags (p.60). Only in Switzerland does the forest meadow remain a popular right (p.58).

1525
Peasant War about the forest
Farmers no longer want to have to buy firewood from the [Christian terrorist] nobility. But this nobility wins and then exploits the forests unhindered (p.91).

from 1580 ca.
Invention of "clear cutting" and "lumber"

Cities and industry invent the "clear cutting" (p.90). The forests are completely devastated and Europe experiences for the first time the fear of a shortage of wood (p.91).  Softwood is considered and propagated as fast-growing wood (p.92).

[The different roots are ignored by the self-important [Christian criminal] nobility, although the peasants themselves certainly knew about it].

[Christian criminal Church "working": forests, wars and "non-believers"
Christian criminal nobility is destroying the forests, and the at the same time the Christian criminal Vatican Church is killing millions of people in wars and difames and kills 1000s of women as "bitches and logic scientists as "antichrists" burning them on stakes. Infertile gay pedophile criminal Vatican is spreading fear in Europe and also in the colonies in Latin "America". Luther's reformation only provokes more difamation and persecution and death on stakes. As one can see, the destruction of forests is going together with erdication of "non-believers"].


Conflict of [Christian criminal] nobility and bourgeoisie against peasants
A long conflict begins over deciduous trees, because deciduous trees grow too slowly for the nobility and the middle classes to make enough profit.  Farmers hate conifers because they don't produce fruits. One group wants to clear the trees from the other group (p.92).

The nobility "uses" the forest capitalistically
The princely private forest must be "profitable". State forest is subsidized if necessary (p.40). The nobility call the forest "forest" and property. As a result, the "forest" displaces the forest. The nobility demands of the forest
Profit with wood
and hunting pleasure only for the noble families.

The nobility forbids the farmers and all other classes from hunting (p.51).

The [Christian terrorist] nobility "uses" the forest in a capitalist way
The princely private forest must be "profitable". State forest is subsidized if necessary (p.40). The [Christian terrorist] nobility calls the forest a "forest farming" and as it's property. As a result, the "forest" is replaced by "forest farming". The [Christian terrorist] nobility demands of the forest
-- profit with wood
-- and hunting pleasure only for the [Christian terrorist] noble families.

The [Christian terrorist] nobility forbids hunting for the farmers and all other classes of the society (p.51).

[But the peasants are the people knowing most about forests, and the Christian terrorist nobility no longer knows anything about it. Here is the beginning of soil acidification and planting of trees in the wrong places].

The [Christian terrorist] nobility enforces the forest "economy" against the wildly clearing farmers and is chasing the farmers out of the forests, calling the clearance actions of the farmers for forest meadows an "overexploitation" (p.51).

Das Desaster der "Waldwirtschaft" mit Nadelhölzern
Die Adels-Kapitalisten schaffen mit schnell wachsenden Nadelhölzern z.B. "monotone Fichtenwüsten" (S.41).

Farmers must pay for grazing rights
The [Christian terrorist] nobility forces the farmers to pay taxes for forest pastures and pig fattening in the forest. The profit from the farmers' fees is up to 100 times of the timber profits. The farmers have to react, drive too many pigs into the forest to be able to pay the duties (p.58). The swineherds throw truncheons against the oaks so that the acorns fall down. Damage occurs (p.60).

The disaster of "forestry" with conifers
The [Christian terrorist] capitalist nobles use for example fast-growing conifers to create "monotonous spruce deserts" (p.41).

Spruce forest: This is not a
                                forest, but a tree plantation used by
                                capitalists.
  
                        
Spruce forest: This is not a forest, but a tree plantation used by capitalists.

Conifers are considered "noble", deciduous trees are considered as "peasant" (p.40).

Spruce is considered a "profitable useful tree" because it grows faster than deciduous trees (p.49). The oak disappears more and more (p.54) and in colonial countries is used for shipbuilding. The nobles in Germany sell whole oak forests to the colonial states (p.60)! The natural forest is gradually being destroyed. The Germanic common land is bought away and the victory of the "noble forest of the [Christian terrorist] court" is celebrated. The spruce coniferous forest as high forest displaces the lower deciduous forest (p.54). The forests are degenerating into "spruce plantations". They grow faster than oaks (p.55). Coniferous forest monocultures are becoming darker and poorer (p.161).

Forests can only be well preserved where the owners of the [Christian terrorist] nobility live too far away to use the forest for capitalism. In these cases, forest can still remain forest, e.g. in Swabia (p.69) or the oak forest near Bentheim in North Rhine-Westphalia, where the Princes of Bentheim renounce any use (p.84). 

1648
30-year war
Large sections of the population flee to the forests, including the Saxonian Forest, to save themselves from the war hordes (p.176). Partly the ponds systems in the forests are destroyed (p.143). At the same time when the [Christian criminal] nobles make war, they are not so active in wood profits. Thus the forest can recover at the same time before the overexploitation by the [Christian terrorist] nobility. But then things turn out differently:

-- the farmers go to the farms and the hunters become responsible for the forest (p.92)

-- the modern [Christian criminal] aristocracy no longer cares about the forest.

Bald heathen of Lüneburg: here once stood
                          fertile deciduous forest...

 
Bald heathen of Lüneburg: here once stood fertile deciduous forest...
->> the game bites all young growth, the forests lighten more and more, deciduous trees do not grow again

->> The forest is intensively used by farmers: The leaves are used in the stables, the forest soil lacks nutrients.

->> In northern Germany, the humus is also removed from the forest and intensive sheep breeding is carried out, so that the heathland expands. The forest turns into a heath with a few trees (p.93).

1700 approx.

Ship building
A medium British liner consumes at least 800 oak trees, about 2.5 ha of best oak forest (p.60). Oaks often only survive in Europe as "farm oaks", and the [Christian terrorist] nobility plants coniferous forests (p.93). Wood was a normal merchandise until 1791. For the arrogant [Christian terrorist] high nobility whole forests are cut down to the ground (p.93).

Philosophy: Forest becomes an alternative existence
Forest becomes again an alternative existence: The poets Stifter, Jean Paul, Schlegel and Hegel are adoring the "forest". They compare forest exploration with the exploration of the
psychological subconscious (p.64).

Poets who compare the forest with the subconscious
Adalbert Stifter
Adalbert Stifter
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
August Wilhelm
                        Schlegel
August Wilhelm Schlegel
Hegel
Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel

Enthusiastic about "forest" are the writors Eichendorff and Ludwig Tieck (p.65). Also Shakespeare was worshiping forests, e.g. the Ardennes Forest.

Poets as forest enthusiasts
Eichendorff
Eichendorff
Ludwig Tieck
Ludwig Tieck
Shakespeare
Shakespeare

Max Ernst
Max Ernst
  
  
Max Ernst: forest phantasy painting
                          "Joy of Life" ( "Die Lust am
                          Leben" )
vergrössernMax Ernst: "Joy of Life"

At the same time, the forest becomes a cliché (p.64). Philosophy builds up an unreal forest image that becomes a "Silvania" [lat. silva = forest] (p.65). The counterpart to the good "Silvania", for example, is Max Ernst with his pictures such as The Mysteries of the forest ["Forest Secrets"]. He paints jungle pictures. It is more fictional, wild forest, not considering any "science" of "military thinking" (p.66).



since 1750

->> junge Bäume werden "verbissen"

->> das Wild wird zum Feind des Mischwaldes (S.68).

The change in the food sector [after severe famines in Europe]

-- the potato [which until then was considered the food for the poor] becomes a normal staple food.
-- the potato partly replaces the grain
-- potato shells replace the acorns as fattening food for the pigs. Some authors see this as a loss of freedom for pigs (p.60).

Industrialisation - the game in a limited space

-- farmers now also go hunting in the woods [because guns become affordable] (p.58)
-- Forests are becoming less important as a source of energy
-- agriculture penetrates the mountain regions thus also in the mountains the forests are cut down where it's possible (p.62).

As a result, the deer becomes a nuisance for agriculture as forests become smaller and smaller. Thus:

->> young trees are "bitten".
->> the game becomes the enemy of the mixed forest (p.68).

1768
In France, 16% of the country is still covered by forests (p.60).

from 1780 approx.
France is giving the oak forests for "sale" for the colonial fleets, to Napoleon and others (p.60).

as of 1791
France with French revolution: Hunting is free for 10 years for the whole population
Whole communities go hunting, the farmers become poor [and go to the army against Russia] (p.68, 69).


from 1800 ca.

1800 approx.

German Empire: Because Germany had little colonialism until 1800, 25 % of the country was still covered by forests. Germany becomes [temporarily] the most forested area in Central Europe (p.60).

Wood transport in the 19th century on artificial waterways

-- a pond is installed and the water is staunched
-- woods (trunks) are tied together in rafts on a meadow
-- the pond is opened, the flood floods the meadows with the tree trunks, the water carries the tree trunks down to the big river
-- today only the wet meadows are left of this "economy" (p.40).

Invention of coal-fired power, the steam engine, the waterworks, therefore the forest in Central Europe can regenerate not being used as energy source any more (p94).

Napoleon has the forests redistributed

-- royal forest become a national forests
-- many [Christian terrorist] nobles can keep "their" forests
-- farmers are granted grazing rights, seeding rights, firewood rights, timber rights, construction timber rights
-- the rights are paid out or tiny areas of forests are distributed
-- the last common territories are smashed up and sold to individual owners
-- only a few forest cooperatives survive (p.94).

Forest pastures are forbidden

From 1800 onwards, the [Christian terrorist] nobility gradually banned all pasture rights and animal farming in the forest. The state also buys forest meadows and reforests them, mainly with spruce monocultures. With this destruction of the forest meadows, forest becomes a dark, dead forest (p.52), and the butterflies in the forest lose their food base moving away or perish forever (p.158).

Nobility forest is still partly owned by the [Christian terrorist] nobility (p.49).

Eradicate the peasants - the truffle wave

The farmers have fallen into poverty (p.55). In England the peasantry is exterminated (p.53). The farmers buy apparently worthless land, sow acorns and then harvest the truffles in the soil. For truffle search pigs are used, which are attracted by the truffle scent, which is similar to the sexual scent of the boar (p.154).

Industrial handicraft in the forest: new sawmills and paper mills

19th century:
-- there are sawmills at forest streams (p.47)
-- there are paper mills at forest edges (p.83):
they produce odor of sulfur and lethal waste water (p.101). Chemistry decomposes the wood into pulp: 11 hours calcium bi-sulphite (acid): at the end the mixture is of 50 % cellulose, 50 % solution substance. The solution is the waste problem (p.102). To make the paper white, the pulp raw material is usually bleached with chlorine. The quality of the paper is not improved. Environmentally friendly bleaching is done with oxygen (p.103).


Cutting down the mountain forests

This clearing of mountain forests has heavy consequences: There are landslides, avalanches, and people have to leave the mountains in part (p.53) [until the White Man realizes that the forest protects from landslides and avalanches].

1815

In England, 4% of the country is still forested (p.60).

as of 1830ca.

The production forest: spruce monocultures

Spruce plantations are installed in "row and filet", so oak and beech are conquerd:

-- spruces grow fast.
-- spruces can be cut down quickly and cheaply (p.65)
-- Forest meadows are bought from the farmers and planted with spruces, so that the forest meadows are lost (p.127).

  

Beech forest
                          with bare soil, because there is almost only
                          shade.



Beech forest with bare soil, because there is almost only shade.
Spruce-KO and "Beech forests"

The mono spruce cultures are cut down like matches with every strong storm (p.52). Bark beetles and nun butterflies additionally destroy the spruce monocultures (p.106). Now the beech is spreading, the "beeching": the beeches take the light away from the other renewable trees. The forest becomes a "beech hall" (p.110).

1840
France with wine but not enough oaks
France has scarcely any forest left and even has to import oak wood for it's wine barrels (p.60).

[France has enough wine, but not enough forest. And the vine plantations are eliminating the forests, and today there are often water shortages in southern France, because the oak forests were all used for shipbuilding and at the same time destroyed for viticulture. This is the logic action chronology of the Christian terrorist nobles in France...]

1848
Germany with revolution: Permission of hunting for everybody (p.68) for 1-2 years (p.69)
->> Whole communities go hunting, farmers become poor (p.68). There is hunting to the brink of extinction of the deer (p.95).

from 1850 approx.
Birth of the term "German Forest"
Nationalism in Germany [after the revolution of 1848] postulates the term "German forest". This is the culmination of spruce management in the forest. Forest is now an expression of military strength (p.63). Canetti (p.64) compares rows of spruce with rows of soldiers:

-- "military forest" has no "cripple wood."
-- "cripple wood" is all burned or charred (p.63)
-- the "civilization" of military discipline "defeats" the "old, peasant world" (p.63-64)


Rows of spruce in spruce
                              forest
Rows of spruce in spruce forest





Dark spruce forest --
                            Dunkler Fichtenwald
Dark spruce forest

-- for the "modern" philosophers, the spruce plantation economy means the "victory of the clean forest".


-- this means the victory of the "purity" propagated by the [criminal terrorist] Church against "sinful doings" in the dark forest.

-- this means the extinction of wilderness (p.64) [and of natural energies].

[But the darkest forest is the spruce forest!]

-- The forest becomes the "excursion forest" of the "bourgeois" pedestrians.

-- Forest should be an "aesthetic mixed forest" with many fast-growing spruces, beeches in between to protect the spruces against storms and beetles (p.77).

-- the "sprucing" is the death of the fir tree (p.108).

Supplement
Spruce has long been the "bread tree" of foresters because of its long, straight trunk; spruce, which is less densely planted, develops larger root plates and falls less quickly.
(from: Swiss Television (SF1): Human-Technology-Science (MTW), 1-5-2003)


But the foresters of that time still do not want to admit that. Instead, they are proud of the first

Timber transport by rail

which stimulates the planting of monocultures and stimulates wood orders from far away from the industries (p.94). A "spruce and pine euphoria" comes up (p.95).

as of 1850

Phylloxera plague - truffle oaks
After a phylloxera plague in the vineyards, many vineyards are planted with truffle oaks and truffle cultures (p.153).

[The first time forests are cultivated on vineyards because the vine monocultures are very vulnerable...]

1871
Bismarck receives 6,000 ha Sachsenwald
This is a forest in the region of Hamburg and north of it in Schleswig Holstein, formerly owned by the Elector of Saxony (p.175). It is a gift from Wilhelm I. for Bismarck's "merits" in the war against France.

Bismarck wants to manage the forest, has the forest "profitably" rebuilt:
-- he makes young oaks cut down
-- he has spruces and douglas firs planted (p.146)
-- he also had other foreign woods planted, such as Weymouth pine, Japanese larch, Sitka spruce, for the first time in Germany (p.176).
-- Bismarck lets the game eat off the deciduous trees so that no rejuvenation takes place (p.146)
-- Bismarck does not hunt himself, but lets his sons and guests do so (p.176).


Bismarck and the imported pines, larches and Sitka spruce
Bismarck, Portrait
Bismarck
Weymouth pine, needles and
                            cones -- Weymouthskiefer
Weymouth pine, needles and cones
Larch with a characteristic airy
                          structure. -- Lärche
Larch with a characteristic airy structure.
Larch cone -- Lärchenzapfen
Larch cone
Sitka Spruce (native in SW-Canada /
                          NW-"USA") -- Sitkafichte
Sitka Spruce (native in SW-Canada / NW-"USA")
Map: Distribution of Sitka spruce
Map: Distribution of Sitka spruce

1875
Berlin is without forest
All the forest is cut down for firewood. The city decides to reforest the forest for recreational purposes (p.173).

From 1877 the Saxonian Forest (Sachsenwald) is "thinned out", networks of paths and drainage ditches are laid out, oaks and pole wood is cut down (p.176), spruce is planted (p.177). [The Saxonian Forest is adapted to Christian terrorist militarist "civilization"].

1890s
Storm damages in whole Central Europe
The storms bend the softwood in the German forests like matches. Insects and bark beetles give the fall wood the rest (p.146). 
[The forest capitalists calculated without nature...]

1897-1931
In the Saxonian Forest, conifers are no longer planted, but a lot of beech and oak. The forest is divided into districts (p.177).

20th century

[Now the capitalists are stronger than the nobles. The Satanist Zionist capitalists are the criminals and the nature destructing leaders now].

from 1900
Shipbuilding and Colonialism

The nobility in Germany protects some oak forests from wood marketing. In England, almost all the oak forests are cleared for colonial shipbuilding. 1 million trees become ship's wood, except the Robin Hood oak, where Hood distributed his poached stags to the "hungry people" (p.58).



Robin Hood and his oak

Map with the position of Sherwood Forest
                          north of Nottingham in England

Map with the position of Sherwood Forest north of Nottingham in England
Robin
                          Hood
Robin Hood
Robin
                          Hood Oak in Sherwood Forest, the alleged
                          meeting point of the Robin Hood group. The oak
                          is old now and has to be supported many
                          times.

Robin Hood Oak in Sherwood Forest, the alleged meeting point of the Robin Hood group. The oak is old now and has to be supported many times.

  
Wilhelm Heinrich
                            Riehl
Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl

"Forest freedom"
In the 19th century the German sociologist Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl conjured up (p.56) the rescued "ruins of Germanic forest freedom", conjuring the last near-natural forests (p.57).

Around 1900 the "forest fields" shrink to almost 0 (p.53).

Experiments with more stable conifers
-- Storbe [?] and Weymouth pine: grow even faster than spruces
-- and there are experiments with Japanese larch (p.109).

Beginning of the 20th century
New program: Mixed forest
The new model is directed against the clear-cutting policy: the "mixed forest" is to replace the primitive clear cutting and "leads back to a semi-natural silviculture" with the basis of "harmony of all forces working in the forest" (p.95).

1910 approx.
Bismarck has deciduous trees planted again in his Sachsenwald (p.146). 

1913-1947
Planting forests has positive consequences: - for example, new springs are being created in the new forest in the Cévennes: The shepherd Elzéard Bouffier (p.61) in the French Cevennes Mountains, places 10,000s of acorns in the karst soil so that forests develop:
-- mixed forest with ash on northern sides (p.60)
-- birches and alders in the valleys
-- all this provokes a rise of groundwater levels and new springs due to the endlessly long oak roots (p.61).

In Jean Giono's book: "The man who planted trees" you can read the details about this private "forest action" (p.60). See the book on Amazon.

1915
Berlin: Permanent forest contract: Forest may only be cut down as much as forest is newly planted (p.173).

1st World War: Acorn coffee - truffle culture is lost

During First World War, old forms of life such as acorn coffee reappear: Roast acorns, grind them, sweeten with berries (p.58).

During First  World War I the "forest fields" are used again (p.53). But forests are also shot down, cut down and destroyed [to prevent the enemy from hiding] (p.69). The truffle oaks are no longer cultivated much, and many truffle growers die in war, so that the truffle culture with its secret knowledge is largely lost (p.153).

1918-1922 approx.
"Victorious powers"
The "victorious powers" are robbing wood from German forests as "reparations": Old forests are "thinned out", young forests are totally "thinned" (p.95). The European forest is declared dead, but is recovering (p.69).

since 1920
Large "change" of the forests after storms
When again groups of spruces are bent by storms, the change takes place:
-- Sprinkling of beech on lean terminal moraines
-- Sprinkling of deep-rooted oaks on "fat", loamy ground moraines (p.107).

"Thinning"
Strong trees are kept away from competitors, surrounding trees are removed so that the strong trees get enough light. This "procedure" has further advantages:
-- the forests will grow in 60 instead of 80 years
-- the machines get through everywhere when harvesting wood in the forest (p.98).

But the consequences are different:

Ponds are disappearing more and more
As a result, many forest ponds of the pre-industrial monastic economy disappear (p.139). Industrial agriculture clears forests, fertilizes the meadows and is overcharging the ponds with nitrogen (p.141).

[The pond dies, becomes "worthless" and is replenished].

Frogs are dying more and more on the roads during their hikes, much more than frogs used to be eaten (p.142-143).

1934
Reich Hunting Law in Germany
The NS-law decrees "targeted care":
-- only rarely is the forest is fenced and protected
-- the game chews more small trees and destroys deciduous trees
-- the fir predominates (p.95).

Second World War 1939-1945
Coffee with acorn again
Also during Second World War acorn coffee is drunk again: roast acorns, grind them and sweeten them with berries (p.58).

In addition, the forest now becomes a refuge for many persecuted, e.g. Jewish communities in the Carpathian Forest (p.68).

During World War II the "forest fields" are used again (p.53).

In Berlin the forest is partly deforested again, or destroyed by war (p.173).

1945-1950 approx.
"Victorious powers"
The "victorious powers" again use wood as "reparations" in German forests: Old forests are "thinned out", young forests are totally "thinned" (p.95). The European forest is predicted to die, but is recovering again (p.69).

from 1945
Dispute between economic and aesthetically thinking foresters (p.95).
Rapid greed for yield lets almost extinct forest flora and fauna (p.163). In Switzerland, forests are still largely managed by cooperatives and only a small proportion is converted into monocultures (p.162).

In Berlin, forests of pine and hardwood (p.173) are reforested for recreational purposes (p.174). The hardwoods prevent soil erosion (p.173). The private forests of Bentheim or of Rothschild are hardly used and remain wild (p.162). The common use forests in Germany remain deciduous forests with predominant oak (p.162-163).

after 1945?
"Wolfegger System": conifers with beeches
(p.97) is a "managed forest": profitable, predominant spruce, together with stabilizing, "serving beeches", e.g. denser at the edge of the forest, only "loosely scattered" in the forest. Thus the "aesthetics of beech foliage" in the crown are correct [and the figures of "profitability" are also correct, but birds avoid this type of "forest" or tree plantation] (S.98).

"Beech latticework"
is a beech-spruce mixed forest with military planting (p.105).

Professional foresters take over the "forest management"
-- The "professional foresters" are now planting conifers in the last deciduous forests in Germany.
-- work in accordance with the "theory of land income".
-- the are planting trees forming new forests on forest meadows, on heaths and hatches (p.94), they cut down the willows as "cleaning cuts" and thus eliminate many butterflies of their living base (p.161)
-- the forests are getting darker and darker (p.94).

Alternative foresters
-- maintain mixed forest, this is hidden resistance (p.95)
-- thus the forest has greater resistance to natural hazards (p.94)
-- the forest can use better the local differences (p.94-95)
-- the aim is to rejuvenate nature and not to cut all down to the ground
-- at the same time the alternative foresters want to preserve the "aesthetic" beauty of the forest (p.95).

Milder winters
The migratory birds remain partly in Central Europe and eat the forests empty (p.164).

1945-1962
Saxonian Forest: Forest manager Hans-Jürgen von Arnswaldt permits biotope formation (p.177).

from 1950 approx.
Agriculture in the mountains becomes unprofitable
-- Farmsteads fall into disrepair.
-- Migration from the mountains
-- the forest recaptures willows (p.62).

Paper mills import wood - German forests are recovering

The paper mills on the edges of the forests import cheap wood from foreign forests. In the native forest, the wood grows back without disturbance (p.83), so are doing the oak forests in the Spessart, in the Palatinate, in the Rheinhard Forest (Rheinhardswald), but like the Germanic forests of former times they will never be again (p.84).

Map with
                        nature park of Spessart, South Germany Map
                        with position of Rheinhard Forest
                        (Reinhardswald)
Map with nature park of Spessart, South Germany
Map with position of Rheinhard Forest (Reinhardswald)
Map with the
                        position of Palatinate Forest (Pfälzer Wald)
Map with the position of Palatinate Forest (Pfälzer Wald)


Scenery forest
The forest in Central Europe is now usually only a backdrop. Forest has often become a plantation. In contrast, the city becomes a "jungle" (p.38). Forest no longer plays a role in philosophy from the 1950s onwards. The cities become a forest as a "thicket" (Brecht), and in the 1960s the forest becomes a symbol of free sex (p.69).

[At the same time a book by Peter Bichsel becomes a bestseller describing the forest recapturing the towns: The recapturing (original German: Die Rückeroberung - look at Amazon].

New forest functions
Forests in cities have important functions such as noise protection, immission control and soil protection. The animal world can thrive, old wood may rot, spawning waters are possible. The only problem is the "visitor frequency" (p.174).

1960s
France and Cevennes Forest: Forest destruction for military installations
The forest of Elzéard Bouffier is almost completely destroyed for the construction of military facilities (p.61) [nuclear rocket silos of President De Gaulle etc.].

Tree feller
The tree cutters are often half deaf in old age because of the constant chainsaw noise (p.79).

Low-flying aircraft
The low-flying NATO aircrafts cover the forest with a purely chemical poisonous veil that remains in the air for 2 years (p.44).

Car emissions: According to Holzberger / Fesseler, car emissions do NOT play a major role concerning forest cultivations (p.44).

The last forest meadows are atrophied
The last forest meadows are mowed by the farmers, because they are hardly profitable, and are gradually "eaten" by the forests (p.127).

Bogs and moors and swamps
Peat is extracted from large bogs with "peat suckers" [like a vacuum cleaner]. Revitalisation of overgrown bogs is possible. The vegetation for dry soil such as birches then dies (p.153).

as of 1962
Management of the Saxonian Forest with various objectives
(p.177)

from the 1970s

The military tightly planted coniferous forests in Germany are "destroyed" by storms and bark beetles (p.94).

Air pollution is killing the forests. Symptoms of the trees that want to get rid of the environmental toxins are:
-- "Emergency drives" of the fir trees
-- Mass production of cones
-- Needle discoloration is indicating advanced poisoning
-- Wet core of the trunk: destroyed vessels, the trunk is destroyed from it's center (p.52).

The acid rain literally "sits" and is "stuck" on the needles (p.53).

1980s
Spruce-KO
The storms over Central Europe are driving the spruce industry into bankruptcy. The wood prices are collapsing after every storm (p.108). ONly now comes the clear thinking of the forest capitalists that a "change" of the forests has to be for ecology and economy (p.108). Only now do the capitalist foresters really start to calculate and realize that spruce wood is less profitable in the balance sheet than oak, which is storm-proof (p.108).

New demand for truffles
by the "new kitchen" (French: "nouvelle cuisine") (p.153). Oak roots of young oaks are "vaccined" with Périgord truffles, thus increasing truffle production. To give the floor more light, the oaks are thinned out and the lower branches are trimmed. The mushroom mycelium has enough light and warmth in the soil for fruit. Where truffles grow, they rob the other plants of water and nutrients. Dead forest areas therefore indicate truffles (p.154).

Today, truffle hunters use trained dogs that are trained in the scent of truffles, which is similar to the sexual scent of boar (p.154).

Joseph Beuys,
                            portrait
Joseph Beuys, portrait
 
"documenta" in Kassel: Oak Forest of Beuys
Beuys declares oak trees as art and plants 7,000 oak trees at the "Documenta" Exhibition in the town of Kassel (Germany), "perhaps this is the most German monument an artist has ever given us", Holzberger / Fesseler say" (p.54).

November 1982
The Saxonian Forest is split into two parts by the new motorway Berlin - Hamburg, a Hitler project is completed thanks to the Kohl government (p.177).


German Forests Today
German oak forests are
-- in the Cologne Bay (Kölner Bucht): with winter lime trees
-- southern Lower Saxony: with sycamore maple, ash and bird cherry
-- at the river Göhrde in Lower Saxony (p.170).

Berlin: planted pine and durmast oak forest
-- almost 50 % is pine and durmast oak forest
-- 25 % is common beech and durmast oak forest

The rest is pine forest, swamp forest with alder and birch trees.

2/3 of the Berlin trees are Scots pines (p.173).

Balance: The pests for the forest remain
-- the belief in a profitable forest monoculture
-- the pests [that get the upper hand when the forest is not being tended or cultivated properly]
-- the acid rain (p.55).


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7. Examples of forests

Altorf Forest in Upper Swabia is very diverse, 10,000 ha, mostly mixed forest (p.41). Spruce dominates in 1/3 of the forest. In 1803 2/3 of it were nationalized, 1/3 remained for the nobility, and small remains went to farmers (p.42).

The Saxonian Forest in south-eastern Schleswig-Holstein still has enormous oaks (p.41).

The Solling forest 70 km south of Hannover has many beeches, covers an area of approx. 400 km2 (p.177), is a sour humus beech forest / Hainsimsen beech forest, the most common beech forest type worldwide (p.178).

Until 100 B.C. beech replaces oak.

At the end of the Middle Ages / beginning of the modern era, entire forests are cleared for the craft businesses. The holdings follow the forest stands (p.179).

From the 16th century on, people started planting oaks again.

1668: estimated: 40 % beech, 30 % oak, 30 % field.

1799: The fattening forest is abolished.

1899: The last forest pasture permit is revoked.

Today there is hardly any open land left, 50 % beech, 10 % oak, almost 40 % spruce (p.179) [it has become a totally dark forest...].


Spessart Forest
The soil is red sandstone, nutrient-poor, in the northwest crystalline basement. At the intermediate boundary is a bundle of Permian conglomerates with Permian dolomite at the top with nutrient-rich soil (p.182). Beeches and oaks make up approx. 64 %: "Spessart oak" (p.182).

In the Spessart, in the Middle Ages, working villages were installed for prisoners ("hunting servants villages", "Frondörfer"), with servants for the hunt.

1615: Opening of the postal route through the Spessart Forest between Nuremberg and Frankfurt.

1688: Opening of the "Restaurant house in Spessart".

1960s?: The restaurant house in the Spessart is demolished in favour of the A7 motorway (p.184).


December 1999: Storm "Lothar" definitly corrects the forest capitalists

The storm "Lothar" is destroying a lot of coniferous forest in Central Europe. The clearings fill up with bushes, and so the new clearings become the basis of life for many insects and birds, which no longer existed in certain areas for a long time.

The forest capitalist is regulated by nature until he learns to appreciate the forest. Unfortunately, the law does not yet provide for the forest.

And the taboo of the vines, which have devoured hundreds of square kilometres of oak forest, still exists.

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Photo sources
Wald mit Sonnenstrahlen: http://www.pachizefalos.de/landschaft.htm
Bärlauch:
http://www.northeim.de/seiten/news/fotowett/fruehling/galerie.htm
Eine Matte mit blühendem Bärlauch im Wald: http://www.northeim.de/seiten/news/fotowett/fruehling/galerie.htm
Jean Giono: http://www.edunet.tn/prefnet/maher_ezzeddin/lesarbres/accueil.htm
Le Lot aus Salelles: Wald in den Cevennen: http://www.lozere-online.com/index.php?action=cartes&PHPSESSID=0be3092ed62036bba4697748bbb0bf39 (Mai 2005)
Cevennen Karte: http://www.trainavapeur.com/acces.htm

Erlenblätter Grauerle: http://www.diplomlandespfleger.de/alnusincana.html
Erlenblätter Schwarzerle: http://www.baumkunde.de/baumdetails.php?baumID=0069
Esche: Fiederblatt: http://www.altmuehltal.de/allgemein/hecken/esche.htm
Eschensamen: http://www.lo-net.de/home/Clausulrich/meinWeb/Pflanzenlexikon/Seiten/Esche2.htm
Rotbuchenblätter: http://www.educanet.ch/group/bezsins/Lernenonline/Baeume/rotbuche.html
Lindenblätter mit Lindenblüten: http://www.altmuehltal.de/eichstaett/waldlehrpfad/linde.htm
Ulmenblatt, asymmetrisch: http://www.zauberblume.net/13193/13216.html
Feldahornblätter mit Blüten: http://www.altmuehltal.de/dietfurt/waldlehrpfad/feldahorn.htm
Spitzahornblätter mit Herbstfarben: http://www.wald.lauftext.de/welt-der-pflanzen/laubbaume/der-spitzahorn.html
Erlenbruch in Senke: http://www.fotostudio-koepenick.de/aktuell/Briesetal.htm
Schlangenwurz: http://www.1ew.de/gesundheitspartner.htm
Violetter Baldrian:  http://www.naturmedizin.qualimedic.de/heilpflanzen/baldrian/baldrian_bilder.shtml

Weisser Baldrian: http://520065635031-0001.bei.t-online.de/Heilkr%e4uter/Heilkr%e4uter%20klein/
Blaue Libelle: http://www.naturfototeam.de/ga_insekten/imagepages/image6.htm
Moorwald mit heilender Wirkung: http://www.haslauer-gmbh.de/deutsch/Warum+Moortherapie.htm
Tannenwald am Berghang: Für Waldbilder im Herbst: http://www.terraslide.com/Herbstwald/Herbstwald.htm
Tannenzapfen, Nahrung für Schnabeltiere v.a. im Winter: http://www.fug-verlag.de/on769
Tannenwald im Schnee mit typischer Silhouette am Himmel: http://www.grenzwetter.de/Chasings_2003/31_01_2003/31_01_2003.htm
Tannenhäher: http://www.lungau.de/muhr/mailform/tierwelt.htm
Wald-Ziest: http://www.flogaus-faust.de/e/stacsylv.htm

Hexenkraut: http://www.gartenbauprofi.de/404.html
Rühr-mich-nicht-an: http://www.hlasek.com/impatiens_noli-tangere_a770.html
Scharbockskraut: http://www.kraeuter-almanach.de/lexikon/scharbockskraut.htm
Schlüsselblume: http://www.plantimag.de/dat/0203123.html
Aronstab: Alle Teile sind tödlich giftig: http://nibis.ni.schule.de/~sts-hm/Bio/Frbl/Aron.htm
Aronstab: die Beeren: tödlich giftig:  http://www.cobi-online.de/kraut/kraut02.html

Einbeere: http://www.rassekatzen-jahrbuch.de/pflanzen2_2.html
Efeublatt: http://www.readyfor3000.de/nachdemregen.html

Efeublüten für Insekten: http://www.gartenspaziergang.de/pf_efeu_5.html
Efeubeeren, wichtige Vogelnahrung im Winter: www.pharmakobotanik.de/systematik/6_droge/hedera-f.htm
Seggengras: http://www.vilsbiburg.de/wappen4/natur/sommer/graeser/gras13.htm

Lungenkraut, ein wichtiges Heilkraut: http://www.kraeuter-apotheke.net/lungenkraut.htm
Blaues Südalpen-Lungenkraut: http://www.flogaus-faust.de/e/pulmaust.htm
Blühender Waldmeister, kein Wald ohne Waldmeister: http://heilkraeuter.de/lexikon/waldmeis.htm
Tanne (Englisch: Fir Tree): http://www.coloradochristmas.net/oregon_fir.htm
Fichte (englisch: Pine Tree):
http://heimat.micenterprise.de/?p=180
Bergkiefer: http://www.uhlik.cz/index.php?a=bon

Waldwitwenblume: http://www.kidsweb.at/oesterreich_web/e/waelder/wald_krautschicht_so.htm

Waldrand
Freier Waldrand: http://www.lpv-mfr.de/html/freiraeume.htm
Kaputter Waldrand: durch Weg weggefräst: http://www.goldnet.ch/agn/jahresbericht02.htm

Holunderstrauch: http://fichas.infojardin.com/arbustos/sambucus-nigra-sauco-canillero.htm
Holunderblüten, auch: Schwarzer Flieder, Elhorn: http://www.naturverstand.at/lexikon.php/database/plant_photos/92.html
Holunderbeeren: http://www.jahreskreis.info/files/samhain.html
Gelbringfalter: http://www.lepidoptera.ch/familie.phtml?fidx=4
Faulbaumbläuling: http://www.schmetterling-raupe.de/art/argiolus.htm
Schwarzer Apollo: http://www.brg-pichelmayergasse.at/Projekte/Farbenprojekt/Ergebnisse/Biologie-Ergebnisse.htm
Grosser Schillerfalter an sonnigen Waldrändern: http://www.ag-umwelt.net/tierpflanz/tagfalter/irisosm.htm
Trauermantel: http://www.mein-naturfoto.de/usergalerien/67-15.html
Stieleiche: http://www.baum-des-jahres.de/archiv/stieleiche.html
Eisbeere: der Strauch: http://www.traum-welten.de/blumen.php
Eisbeere: die Beere: http://www.traum-welten.de/blumen.php
Speierling, ein Wildapfelbaum: http://www.rinnbaumschule.de/speierling.html
Äpfel des Speierling: http://www.brenninger.de/angebot/wildfruechte.htm
Wildbirne: http://www.medienwerkstatt-online.de/lws_wissen/vorlagen/showcard.php?id=7034&edit=0
Wildbirnen: http://www.seba.ethz.ch/lieblinge/lieb_birne.htm

Springfrosch: http://www.nabu-kreis-offenbach.de/InfoSpringfrosch.htm
Gelbbauchunke: http://www.ecards4u.de/karte.php?user=bikosite&action=create&card=froesche/Gelbbauchunke.jpg
Feuersalamander: http://www.primarschuledachsen.ch/klassenseite/5.%20Klasse2003/Winter/salamander.html
Grauschnepper: http://images.google.ch/images?q=Grauschnepper&ie=ISO-8859-1&hl=de
Gartenrotschwanz: http://www.wildvogelzuechter.de/Vogelschutz/body_vogelschutz.html
Waldwiese: http://www.inf-technik.tu-ilmenau.de/~jk/Galerie/Impressionen/index_js.htm

Kleiner Maivogel: http://www.mu.sachsen-anhalt.de/lau/extern/ffh_st/eupmat.htm
Waldwiesenvögelchen: http://www.geocities.com/~knighty_m/Deutsch/hero.htm
Weissbindiges Wiesenvögelchen: http://www.nabu-schorndorf.de/nsbt020.htm
Gelbringfalter: http://www.lepidoptera.ch/familie.phtml?fidx=4
Douglastanne (englisch: Douglas fir): http://www.washington.edu/home/treetour/dfir.html
Douglastanne: Zapfen: http://project.bio.iastate.edu/trees/campustrees/Pseudotsuga/Pseudots_cone.html
Verbreitungsgebiet der Douglastanne SW-Kanada und im NW der "USA":
http://www.washington.edu/home/treetour/dfir.html

Deutsche Eiche:
Stieleiche: http://www.baum-des-jahres.de/archiv/stieleiche.html
Blätter der Stieleiche im Herbst: http://www.wald.lauftext.de/welt-der-pflanzen/laubbaume/die-stieleiche.html
Traubeneiche: http://home.media-n.de/mic/lehrpfad/pfad22.htm
Blätter der Traubeneiche: http://www.neckarkiesel.de/wald/laubwald/traubeneiche.htm

Zerreiche: http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=Zerreiche&ei=UTF-8&fr=FP-tab-img-t&fl=0&x=wrt
Blätter der Zerreiche: http://www.mobilefirstaid.net/Baueme/ZerrEiche.htm

Korkeiche: http://www.multicork-solutions.com/
Korkeiche wird geschält: http://www.kork-ffm.de/menu_left/ueber_kork.htm
Korkeiche geschält: http://portugal-ferien.net/alentejo.htm
Korkeiche Querschnitt: http://www.amlinger.de/index.php3?ID=korkeiche

Haselbusch: http://merlynhawk.weblogger.com/stories/storyReader$169
Haselpollen: http://www.wermeister.de/rolli-pics/geschichten/perspektiven.html
Noch unreife Haselnüsse: http://www.schule-wolfhausen.ch/wo_seiten/events/herbst/2001/gal_herbst/Seiten/haselnuss.htm
Haselnüsse für Eichhörnchen: http://www.baumschule-pflanzen.de/nussbaeume.shtml

Grosser Weissdornbusch in der Blüte:
http://www.diplomlandespfleger.de/crataegusmonogyna.html

Weissdornblüten für Nektar, auch Heilpflanze: http://www.schwabe.de/content/medikamente/arzneipflanzen/weissdorn.php?navid=22
Beeren des Weissdorn für Tiere: http://www.kraeuterfrau.ch/archiv/weissdorn.html
Blütendolden des Gemeinen Schneeball für Nektar: http://www.net-garden.de/Foto-Seiten/Schneeball-gemeiner.html

Beeren des Gemeinen Schneeball für Tiere: http://www.haueterdestillate.ch/Destillate/p109.html

Holunderblüten für Nektar: http://www.fotocommunity.de/pc/pc/mypics/239/display/94902
Holunderbeeren für Tiere oder Saft: http://www.birds-online.de/nahrung/beeren/schwarzerholunder.htm

Erle: die Gestalt: http://www.holz-technik.de/html/body_baum2003.htm
Erlen am Wasser: Da sieht man nicht mehr viel von der Gestalt: http://www.fotostudio-koepenick.de/aktuell/Briesetal.htm
Erlenblätter: http://www.weltbaum.de/Blattbaum/Erle/erle.html
Erlenkätzchen geben Pollen: http://favonia.twoday.net/topics/Die+Erle/
Erlenzäpfchen geben Samen: http://www.schule-bw.de/unterricht/faecher/biologie/archiv/pflanzen/baeume

Esche: die ausgewachsene Gestalt: http://www.baum-des-jahres.de/archiv/hp/esche/diesandbirke.html
Eschen im Wald: http://www.fswood.com/deutsch/detail/esche_beschreibung.htm

Roteiche: http://www.legambiente-sudvarese.org/CassanoM/documenti/AlberiCassano/5.htm
Roteichenblatt: http://home.eduhi.at/teacher/baeume/Exoten.htm

Weissbuche / Hainbuche: http://www.diplomlandespfleger.de/carpinusbetulus.html
Blätter der Weissbuche: http://www.educanet.ch/group/bezsins/Lernenonline/Baeume/hagebuche.html
Weissbuche: Pollen, ein Provokateur für Bachblütentherapie: http://www.beepworld.de/members8/kraeuter-forum/bachblueten.htm
Samen der Weissbuche: http://www.bezsins.ch/Lernenonline/Baeume/hagebuche.html
Weissbuche als sterile Hecke mit sterilem Rasen: http://www.gartencenter-shop24.de/product_info.php?products_id=1845
Nadeln und Zapfen der Forche: http://www.wald.lauftext.de/welt-der-pflanzen/nadelbaume/die-waldkiefer.html

Frauenhaarmoos: http://www.terrazoo-online.de/doku.htm

Aue am Fluss Wiese 1643: http://www.aue.bs.ch/fachbereiche/gewaesser/oberflaechengewaesser/bfg/bfg-wiese.htm
Der vergewaltigte Fluss Wiese, kerzengerade, und so wenig Natur wie möglich: http://www.livit.ch/basel/01_lage.html

Anemone / Buschwindröschen: http://home.rhein-zeitung.de/~akumwelt.mombach/waldanemone.html

Bärlauch: http://www.aim-worldwide.com/Naturversand/Baerlauch.html
Frühblütler im Wald: Waldmeister: http://www.altmuehltal.de/allgemein/pflanzen/waldmeister.htm
Fünfblättrige Zahnwurz: http://www.amleto.de/pflanzen/dent_bulb.htm
Mistel : http://www.br2.de/freizeit/querbeet/ratgeber/heilgift8.html

Moose : Sphagnum-Moos: http://www.botanik.univie.ac.at/pershome/temsch/grund.html
Becherflechten, Zwitterwesen: http://www.wald.lauftext.de/welt-der-pflanzen/flechten/der-pilz-ernahrt-sich-auf-kosten-der-alge.html
Wassernuss: http://www.guenther-blaich.de/pflseite.php?par=Trapa+natans&fm=pflfamla&abs=pfllstS

Tollkirsche: http://www.die-forschenden-pharma-unternehmen.de/wissenswertes/schongewusst/20050913_tollkirschen.html
Tollkirsche: http://www.nvr.ch/nvr_seiten/06galerien/galerien/gal_giftpflanzen/Seiten/tollkirsche.htm

Eisenhut: http://www.freizeitfreunde.ch/index.php?menuid=21&reporeid=105
Bilsenkraut: http://www.knoch1.de/1000%20Botanik-Fotos-Thumbs/1006_Botanik-Fotos0032.html
Stechapfel: http://www.fug-verlag.de/on1195

Trüffelpilz: http://www.istrien-net.de/istrien_trueffel.html

Jelängerjelieber: http://www.apotheke-atzgersdorf.at/Bach/honey.htm

Waldtiere
Borkenkäfer: http://www.faunistik.net/DETINVERT/COLEOPTERA/SCOLYTIDAE/scolytidae_merkmale.html
Borkenkäfer: Frassbild: http://www.wdr.de/themen/forschung/umwelt/wald_zustansbericht/index.jhtml?pbild=3
Dachs, v.a. nachtaktiv: http://www.nabu.de/naturfotos/dachs.html

Blaumeise [fressen Schmetterlingsraupen]: http://www.image-depot.de/index.php?cPath=43_74
Star: http://www.giebing.de/star.htm
Dohle: http://www3.lanuv.nrw.de/static/infosysteme/naturerlebnisfuehrer/portraits/tiere/vogel_rabe_kraehe.htm
Kleiber: http://www.biologie.de/w/images/index.php?dir=a%2Fa0%2F
Mittelspecht: http://www.luxnatur.lu/luxnatur/baum2002.htm

Grosser Schillerfalter, männlich: http://www.ag-umwelt.net/tierpflanz/tagfalter/irisosmg.htm
Grosser Schillerfalter, weiblich: http://www.schmetterling-raupe.de/art/iris_s.htm
Kleiner Schillerfalter, männlich: http://www.schmetterling-raupe.de/art/iris_s.htm
Kleiner Schillerfalter, weiblich: http://www.schmetterling-raupe.de/art/iris_s.htm
Eichenkarmin: http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/huebner/icon_page_00078.html
Eichenwickler: http://www.faunistik.net/DETINVERT/LEPIDOPTERA/TORTRICIDAE/TORTRIX/tortrix.viridana.html
Blauer Eichenzipfelfalter: http://www.schmetterling-raupe.de/art/quercus.htm
Ordensband: http://home.hst.net/~werner/

Ringelspinner: http://www.schmetterling-raupe.de/art/neustria.htm
Jägerhütchen: http://www.schmetterling-raupe.de/art/prasinanus.htm
Trauermantel: http://www.agon-schwerte.de/insekten/schmetterlinge_not.html

Habicht: http://www.riddlecom.net/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=18154&sid=ae5699d8ea6ba377f55f6dc6a86b100e
Eichelhäher: http://www.fotocommunity.de/pc/pc/cat/720/display/1147769
Drossel: http://www.fotocommunity.de/pc/pc/mypics/362/display/657219
Wildenten: Männchen läuft dem Weibchen nach:
http://www-public.rz.uni-duesseldorf.de/~bickel/WasserSek_I/oekosystem_see/dateien/tiere/voegel/voegel.html
Wildschwein auf einer Waldlichtung: http://www.nationalpark-vorpommersche-boddenlandschaft.de/k_tsaeug/wildschwein.htm

Odenwalds in Nord-Baden-Württemberg / Süd-Hessen: http://www.urlaubszimmer.de/Katalog/Hessen/Odenwald/odenwald.html
Odin,
Gott der Germanen, Darstellung: http://forum.avira.com/thread.php?threadid=26473&sid=ee8bce4a5d64fe456eabf0c587f41fb9
Plinius: Portrait: http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e01/01b.htm
Tacitus: Portrait: http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~%20harsch/Chronologia/Lspost02/Tacitus/tac_intr.html

Weinreben am Mittelrhein: http://www.tal-der-loreley.de/rheinorte/rheinorte.mittelrhein-wein.de.php
Weinkönigin feiert den Sieg des Weines und die Niederlage des Waldes: http://www.pfaelzische-weinkoenigin.de/kroenung/wahl.php
Statue der Loreley mit langen blonden Haaren: http://www.ets-frankfurt.de/Loreley.html

Darstellung: Die Donar-Eiche wird gefällt: http://h.holland-moritz.bei.t-online.de/bonifati.htm

Wollgras: http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/mono/cypera/eriop/eriovag.html
Sonnentau: http://www.digital-nature.de/pflanzenwelt/moor/mittlsonnentau/detail/detail.html
Rauschbeere:
http://gastein-im-bild.info/gwbkorn.html
Moosbeere: http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/boga/html/Vaccinium_macrocarpon_Foto.html
Torfmoos: http://schleswig-holstein.nabu.de/m04/m04_01/03163.html
Heidekraut: http://www.doliwa-naturfoto.de/Bilder-Galerie/Pflanzen/Blumen_1/Erika/Erika1/erika1.html
Moorbirken: http://www.bischofsreut-waldhufen.de/oekosystem/flora.htm

Gebrüder Grimm: http://www.bueso.de/hessen/grimm.html

Charles Perrault: http://www.lyrikwelt.de/autoren/perrault.htm

Fichtenforst als Baumplantage: http://www.nabu.de/nh/202/vielfalt202.htm
Kahle Lüneburger Heide: http://www.visselhoevede.de/fvv/naturschutzpark.htm

Adalbert Stifter: http://www.asv-muen.de/cz/main/start.htm
Jean Paul: http://www.ruppertsgruen.de/Jean-Paul.htm

August Wilhelm Schlegel: http://www.jena.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=8923&_nav_id1=35162&_nav_id2=35166&_lang=de&_img_id=28382
Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel: http://www.jena.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=11242
Eichendorff: http://www.derkanon.de/erzaehlungen/c-e.html
Ludwig Tieck: http://www.fulgura.de/sonett/karussel/portrait/lt.htm

Shakespeare: http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare
Max Ernst: http://www.meijsen.net/graveyart/pl/htmls/graven/ernst.htm
Max Ernst: "Die Lust am Leben": http://www.janthor.de/myFavoriteThingsD.html; http://www.artchive.com/artchive/E/ernst/joy_livg.jpg.html


Buchenwald mit kahlem Boden: http://www.bund-hessen.de/kellerwald/rotbuche.html
Fichtenreihen im Fichtenforst: http://www.rauckenberger.at/
Dunkler Fichtenwald: http://lbv.de/neuesdir/fledermaus/gefahren-schutz.html
Bismarck: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck
Weymouthskiefer: http://www.leiner.at/cgi-bin/journal.php?c=0212_baumschule

Lärche mit charakteristisch luftigem Bau: http://www.ckrumlov.cz/de/region/soucas/i_stmodr.htm
Lärchenzapfen: http://www.plantimag.de/dat/0209097.html
Sitkafichten [beheimatet in SW-Kanada / NW-"USA"]: http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/trees/ak_sitka_spruce.htm

Robin Hood: http://www.occultopedia.com/r/robin_hood.htm
Robin-Hood-Eiche im Wald von Sherwood: http://www.oscarhouse.co.uk/area.htm

Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl: http://www.weilburg-lahn.info/literat/lit_ri.htm

Joseph Beuys: http://www.wdr.de/themen/kultur/1/highlights_nrw/061109_fett.jhtml?pbild=1

Karten

Karte: Verbreitung der Sitkafichte: http://www.conifers.org/pi/pic/sitchensis.htm
Karte: Die Position des Walds von Sherwood / Sherwood Forest nördlich von Nottingham: http://www.shercat.com/About/Origins/

Landkarte Naturpark Spessart: http://www.naturpark-spessart.de/Informationen/informationen.html
Die Position des Reinhardswald: http://www.tillyschanze.de/bezirk.html
Die Position des Pfälzer Wald: http://www.bfn.de/0311_landschaft.html?landschaftid=17000

Landkarte der Cevennen:
http://www.trainavapeur.com/acces.htm
Landkarte vergewaltigter Fluss "Wiese": http://www.magic-major.de/Anfahrt/Freiburg___Umgebung/freiburg___umgebung.html




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